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找不到砖厂的砖厂组屋区

文图 · 李国樑

砖厂地形图(根据2023年谷歌地图绘制)

砖厂组屋区位于惹兰红山(Jalan Bukit Merah)与亚历山大路(Alexandra Road)交界,于上世纪70年代初重新发展,跟惹兰鲁马丁宜(Jalan Rumah Tinggi)合共20座组屋。以两个历史地标命名的ABC砖厂(ABC Brickworks)小贩中心是这里的标志。

关于这个地区的一些名称来源:“红山”出自古代新加坡国王恩将仇报,杀死为他消除剑鱼祸害的小孩的传奇故事;“亚历山大”命名自英国爱德华七世的亚历山大王妃。亚历山大王妃出身望族,是位跟英国王室门当户对的丹麦公主。她的兄弟分别坐上丹麦和希腊王位,妹妹嫁给沙皇成为俄罗斯皇后,可谓誉满天下。

“ABC”指的是这一带最大的啤酒制造商Archipelago Brewery Company,俗称ABC酿酒厂;至于砖厂(Brickworks),上世纪50年代初,殖民地政府在“福山砖窑村”(简称砖厂)地段兴建信托局房屋,因此福山砖窑村得名自坐落在原址的福山砖厂和土矿场。

亚历山大路的砖厂

那个年代具规模的造砖业者包括德光岛的泽光砖厂、裕廊的裕廊砖厂、后港4条半石的鼎山砖厂、亚历山大路的福山砖厂等。最财雄势大的是英国人投资的亚历山大砖厂,鼎盛时期柔佛、怡保和北海都有分行。亚历山大路和巴西班让路交界处的Mapletree Business City,就是从前的厂址。战后两年兴建的麦唐纳大厦,使用的是亚历山大砖厂制造的新式饰面砖。

上世纪50年代,建筑公司以价廉的混凝土建材替代砖块,此外政府实施新条例,新的建筑项目安装水电供应之前,必须缴付几千元押金,公务员大幅减薪等,使到发展商静观其变。虽然殖民地政府报告指出,多个木屋区和店屋存在着严重火患和传染病风险,但没有进一步行动,多方因素造成建筑业陷入低潮,砖块生产停滞,福山砖厂结束营业。70年代初,新加坡港务局买下亚历山大砖厂的产业,亚历山大一带最后的窑火熄灭。

亚历山大军营见证印度军团兵变

园艺园林南部山脊可见昔日英军庄园

十多年前的园艺园林(Hort Park)一片荒芜,开发后跟南部山脊衔接起来。游人漫步于花柏山、直落布兰雅山、园艺园林和肯特岗,有“悠然见南山”之趣。

亚历山大园是前亚历山大军营,保留的黑白屋供英军医院(亚历山大医院)医护人员住宿

园艺园林的近邻亚历山大园(Alexandra Park),曾经是亚历山大军营(Alexandra Barracks)所在地,这里最古老的黑白屋建于1905年左右,其他房子多数于30年代落成,让在英军医院(亚历山大医院)工作的医疗团队住宿。有些黑白屋就像大庄园,门前绿草如茵。由于黑白屋年代已久,又属于受保留建筑,材料必须遵照原来的规格,翻修工程浩大。加上过于清幽,吸引野猪、蛇虫等“不速之客”,住客在光鲜门面背后,必须学会跟自然界共生。

随着第一次世界大战爆发,驻扎本地的英国步兵团受命前往法国前线,印度第五轻步兵团800人入住亚历山大军营,负责看守被囚禁在东陵营房的德国战俘。这些印度军人都是孟加拉回教徒,分化为左翼和右翼两派阵营。

印度兵来到新加坡后发现落差很大。例如在老家有羊肉羊奶供应,这里只分配到鸡肉和少量鲜奶,只好自掏腰包加菜,久而久之累积许多负面情绪。英国军官意识到他们有叛乱的可能性,决定将整支军队转调到香港。谁知道谣言传播开来,说他们将到中东跟土耳其回教兄弟打仗。动身前一天下午,右翼阵营夺取军火后兵分数路,第一批留在亚历山大军营袭击英国军官;第二批前往岌巴港,见到洋人便杀;第三批冲到东陵军营释放德国俘虏,不过多数战俘不认同印度军的做法,留下来照顾死伤者。

1915年2月15日兵变当天是农历年初二,许多军人都在休假。锡克警察、新加坡志愿军、柔佛武装部队(苏丹亲自指挥)和英国海军参与支援,本地的日本领事招募300多名日本特警和路过的海军,跟法国和俄罗斯军人联手搜捕叛军。

日本记者塚田记述事件发生后,“在人行道上,各民族毫无例外地给日本人让路……我们当时在军事上占领了一部分英国领土……确实只有一个很短时期,但太阳旗在新加坡中心升起,意义何在?亚历山大军营是在新加坡岛中心,而新加坡是南洋的心脏。”这段话似乎成为20多年后新加坡沦陷的预言。

吉门营房

吉门营房改造成当代艺术画廊和绿色商业区

1936年完工的吉门营房(Gillman Barracks)跟亚历山大军营隔条马路。当时英国觉察到东北亚战云密布,有山雨欲来风满楼之势,于是调派更多军人到新加坡进行防御。70年代英军撤退后,新加坡武装部队接手吉门营房,30年前改成商业用途,汇聚众多国际画廊和餐馆来打造当代艺术空间。例如来自法国的海伦(Helene Le Chatelier)在新加坡定居多年,多数作品非黑即白,灵感来自这一带的黑白屋。她希望通过最原始的颜色找到集体回忆,就像黑白照保留昔日记忆一样。

吉门营房的第二阶段发展,引进多元的商业元素来提升活力,餐饮业者计划腾出空间,改造成亲脚踏车骑士的咖啡馆,同时设立脚踏车维修站。生活品牌公司Didi Lifestyle准备朝绿色能源进军,结合太阳能板块业者和电动车充电供应商。新的现代城市绿色生态,正逐步从黑与白中脱颖而出。

亚历山大医院

亚历山大医院是受保留古迹,有一段血的记忆

亚历山大园山脚下的亚历山大医院,就是为了准备二战而建的英军医院(British Military Hospital)。

1942年2月14日,驻守鸦片山的马来军团发射完最后一颗子弹,日军沿着巴西班让朝市区扑来,计划封锁岌巴港来切断联军的物资供应。日军至亚历山大砖厂一带遭到埋伏,马上改变计划,攻打亚历山大军营和吉门营房,并占领ABC酿酒厂和福山砖厂。一些撤退的联军在亚历山大医院范围向敌人开枪,日军恼羞成怒,两度冲进医院,把怨恨发泄在医务人员及伤重的英军身上,超过200人罹难,成为红十字下的血腥记忆。

战后医院继续用作军事用途,治疗马来亚紧急状态时期跟马共交战的伤兵。亚历山大医院主楼列为国家古迹,依然保留着二战前的风貌。

汉惹拔回教堂与失落的方舟

汉惹拔回教堂(Masjid Hang Jebat)

亚历山大医院附近有座汉惹拔回教堂(Masjid Hang Jebat),1952年初创的小祷告室如今可容纳600名教徒,仍然保留着甘榜锌板屋风格。

回教堂取名自马来民间传说中匡扶正义的民族英雄汉惹拔。根据《汉都亚传》(Hikayat Hang Tuah),汉都亚、汉惹拔和另外三人情同手足,一同投效马六甲王朝苏丹。苏丹听信谗言,下令杀死汉都亚,宰相暗中帮助汉都亚躲藏起来。汉惹拔自恃武艺高强,迫使苏丹逃离宫廷。宰相要求苏丹赦免汉都亚,让他与汉惹拔决战,汉惹拔向汉都亚解释,是为了帮他复仇才跟苏丹对抗的。汉惹拔临死前对汉都亚说:对苏丹盲目忠诚,实在是愚昧无知。

失落的方舟(The Deck)

回教堂300米外隐秘的树林,有艘“失落的方舟”(The Deck),那是附近居民用倒下的树干搭建而成的“甲板”。方舟在徒步群体中知名度飙升,游人爬上甲板拍照时对其造成损坏。小隐于野的古朴趣味令人兴奋,但是唯有公德心才可能让“方舟”存活。

亚历山大工业化

过去的岁月里,你可曾深夜路过砖厂一带,醉倒在微风掠过的酒花香中?30多年前这阵令人怀念的气味已飘到大士。ABC酿酒厂原地兴建艾格坊商场(Anchor Point),金锭园公寓(The Anchorage)和宜家(IKEA),大路旁的酿酒师之家是仅存的遗迹。

亚历山大于90年前出现工业雏形,1932年投入生产的马来亚酿酒厂(Malayan Breweries Limited)是本地最早的现代啤酒厂(现址为亚历山大坊Alexandra Point),主打虎牌啤酒。一年后德国人投资的ABC酿酒厂也在亚历山大路设厂,主打酒精量较低的锚标啤酒。投资者选择亚历山大作为啤酒产地,主要瞄准附近的军人和医护人员。这里靠近铁路,产品输出到马、泰也很方便。

随着第二次世界大战爆发,殖民地政府根据《1939年对敌贸易法》,接管敌人(德国)的资产。日据时期,军政府命令生产朝日啤酒(Asahi Beer)的大日本酿酒厂来本地启动生产线,战争结束后归还给马来亚酿酒厂。

立兴(Lea Hin)生产的蝴蝶牌火水炉曾经走入千家万户

立兴(Lea Hin)的外墙由蓝色、白色小星星和大红星组成,外观特别抢眼。立兴生产的蝴蝶牌大光灯(煤油灯)和火水炉走入寻常百姓家。电力不足的年代,大光灯照明千家万户,户外活动、摆档口、家里做功课都少不了它。火水炉的燃料是煤油,煮食后锅底积上厚厚的油层,必须使用火炭灰来洗刷。80年代火水炉被煤气和电炉全面取代,立兴就像蜕变的蝴蝶,转型生产组屋铁花窗,闯出一条新路。

亚历山大村与双口鼎

亚历山大村是驾车人士熟悉的汽车维修村,这里有座以原址命名的亚历山大村熟食中心。19世纪原为佘有进的甘蜜胡椒种植园,20世纪开辟成俗称双口鼎的村落,取名自熬制甘蜜的两口大鼎。老地方改头换面,双口鼎逐渐消失在记忆中。

双口鼎附近工厂林立,先后出现过振南、鼎美、鼎英和大华学校。二战后,5000多居民在两百间亚答屋安身,土地司以卫生与安全为由,命令其中五分之一非法搭建的亚答屋居民拆屋。双口鼎居民请求马华公会会长陈祯禄代为求情,可见新加坡自治前马华公会在本地华社的雄厚势力。

在张挥《双口鼎一村那些年那些事》文中,50年代的双口鼎已深受当下文化影响,流行歌曲、时髦打扮,紧身花衫裤渗透到纯朴的小村落。年轻人喜欢,“较为保守的老人家却不喜欢这样的装扮,都说像包肉粽一般难看死了。”小村建在大路旁,村民外出工作便利,难免受到外界的影响。

拖拉机开到双口鼎的时候,已经进入ABBA瑞典流行乐团风靡全球的年代。ABBA的《我有个梦想》(I have a dream)唱道:“我相信天使,我看到的一切都有好的一面;我相信天使,时机成熟时,我将穿过小河,追逐我的梦想。”时代在变迁,昔日被一些人视为颓废的流行音乐有其乐观向上的一面,这是固有的想象与现实形成的落差,就像在砖厂组屋区找不到砖厂一样。

参考文献:

[1]Hang Jebat Mosque, https://www.roots.gov.sg/en/places/places-landing/Places/landmarks/my-queenstown-heritage-trail/hang-jebat-mosque accessed 7 June 2023.

[2]Hello! My Alexandra Village, https://mycommunityfestival.sg/hello-my-alexandra-village/accessed 21 May 2023.

[3]Malcolm H. Murfett et. al., Between two oceans: a military history of Singapore from 1275 to 1971, Marshall Cavendish Editions, 2011.

[4]My Alexandra Heritage Tour, https://mycommunity.org.sg/guided-tours/my-alexandra-heritage-tour/accessed 6 June 2023.

[5]Peter Elphick , Singapore: the Pregnable Fortress: A Study in Deception, Discord and Desertion, Coronet, 1995, ISBN 9780340649909.

[6]Stephanie Ho, “Alexandra”, https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2016-06-21_114707.html accessed 21 May 2023.

[7]The beer train from the Anchor Brewery,https://thelongnwindingroad.wordpress.com/2017/10/30/the-beer-train-from-the-anchor-brewery/ accessed 21 May 2023.

[8]The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser.

[9]

[10]《南洋商报》

[11]《星洲日报》

[12]张挥,《双口鼎一村 那些年那些事》,玲子传媒私人有限公司,2015.

(作者为英国皇家造船师学会会员、自由文史工作者)

The Brickworks Estate where Brickworks No Longer Exist

The junction of Jalan Bukit Merah and Alexandra Road is where the Brickworks estate and the adjacent Jalan Rumah Tinggi are situated. In the early 1970s, the estate underwent redevelopment and 20 HDB flats were eventually built. The name of the ABC Brickworks Market and Food Centre serves as a reminder of the estate’s past.

The term “ABC” refers to the Archipelago Brewery Company commonly known as ABC Brewery. “Brickworks” refers to the former Hock San Brickworks and Hock San Village, which were part of the estate.

The Alexandra Brickworks was the most prominent brickworks factory in Alexandra. It had branches in Johor, Ipoh, and Butterworth during its peak. The Mapletree Business City located near the junction of Alexandra Road and Pasir Panjang Road used to be the site of the factory. After World War II, the factory supplied Orchard Road’s McDonald House with its new R&D product-the veneer bricks.

In the 1950s, new regulations required substantial deposits for utility supplies in new construction projects. Coupled with pay cuts for civil servants during that time, developers chose a wait-and-see approach, leading to a slump in the construction industry. Hock San Brickworks was severely affected and closed down. The Alexandra Brickworks property was acquired by the Port of Singapore Authority, marking the end of kiln fires in the Alexandra area in the early 1970s.

Located near HortPark, Alexandra Park was previously known as Alexandra Barracks. The oldest house in the area was constructed in 1905, although most of the black and white houses were completed in the 1930s. These houses provided accommodation for the medical teams working at the British Army Hospital.

Gillman Barracks, which was completed in 1936, was just across the road from Alexandra Barracks. At that time, the British anticipated the possibility of war spreading from the Northeast to Southeast Asia. Consequently, they deployed more soldiers to defend the Singapore fortress. After the British withdrawal in the early 1970s, Gillman Barracks came under the control of the Singapore Armed Forces. The barracks underwent conversion some years later, bringing together international galleries to create a space for contemporary art.

Alexandra Hospital at the base of Alexandra Park, served as the former British Military Hospital. On 14 February 1942, following a fierce battle at Bukit Chandu, the Japanese encountered another ambush near Alexandra Brickworks. Consequently, they launched an attack on Alexandra and Gillman Barracks. The ABC Brewery and Hock San Brickworks also fell into the hands of the Japanese. As some retreating allied troops fired upon the enemy within the vicinity of Alexandra Hospital, the Japanese soldiers became infuriated. They stormed the hospital twice, resulting in tragic deaths of over 200 medical staff and severely wounded British soldiers. This event remains a haunting memory under the Red Cross.

Post war, the hospital continued to provide treatment to wounded soldiers who fought against the communists during the Malayan Emergency. The main building of Alexandra Hospital has been designated as a national monument and still maintains its appearance from before World War II.

The present-day Alexandra Village Food Centre and its neighbourhood occupy the original site of Seah Eu Chin’s 19th-century gambier plantation. In the 20th century, the plantation was transformed into Alexandra Village, which was commonly referred to as “双口鼎” (shuangkouding) by the Chinese community. Following the war, the villagers worked in the urban areas and were inevitably influenced by the diverse culture. The older residents struggled to adapt to these changes, leading to the emergence of the “generation gap”.

By the time tractors arrived in Alexandra Village, Singapore had already entered the ABBA era. ABBA’s song “I Have a Dream” brought a sense of optimism to the new generation. Life underwent significant transformation, just as the brickworks ceased to exist in the Brickworks estate.