新加坡华文小报简史
文·许颐蘅 图·取自新加坡国立大学图书馆
新加坡的华文小报出现于1920年代,在50年代达到鼎盛。小报热潮在数十年间兴起又退去,但其所留下的文化遗产,是理解本地华人文化与社会实践的重要切面。
“小报”是篇幅与规模皆小于一般日报的报纸类型,通常售价低廉、印刷简单,然而内容涵盖广泛,从新闻、娱乐、社论、诗文、小说至读者投稿皆有涉猎。其文风相较日报更为亲切,深受基层群体所喜爱。与追求庄重与权威语调的大报不同,小报的编辑风格较为自由,在语言表达与题材选择上更贴近庶民生活。
新加坡、马来西亚(简称新马)的华文小报,在形式与内容上承袭了中国小报“篇幅短小、内容清软”的传统,报幅常为四开、八开,并以消遣性、趣味性为主。其发行形式多样,时间不定,有三日报、五日报与周报等类型。
读者与作者
新加坡作为海外华人移民社区,又是多族群构成的殖民地社会,其小报的生产与阅读形态,与中国本土的小报发展大异其趣。新加坡华文小报[1]在营运上以商业导向为主,为求吸引读者而紧贴庶民生活需求,刊载各类劳工阶层所关心的议题。所以,小报的主要读者涵盖工人、农民和娱乐界的女性工作者。娱乐界的女性,如歌女、舞女等除了视小报为消遣工具外,亦藉由报刊上的娱乐专栏获得社会关注与媒体曝光,企图藉此走红成名。[2]
此外,许多怀抱文艺理想的南来文人,也参与了小报的编写与经营。他们不仅撰写诗文,也常评论时事、介入社会议题,使小报成为知识分子与通俗文化互动的重要平台。[3]虽小报以娱乐与消遣为主轴,但亦因应读者的情感连结与认同想象,偶也触及家国时政与族群认同等严肃主题。
新加坡华文小报的诞生(1925-1934)
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《一粲》创刊号封面(图源:新加坡国立大学图书馆)
1920年代,在中国新文化运动的影响下,新马的华文报刊、综合性副刊一度朝向知识性与文艺性发展,原本兼具通俗与趣味性的副刊内容逐渐被边缘化。然而,市井读者对通俗文化的需求并未消失,于是转向以小报为载体,寻求新的表达与阅读空间。小报因此成为容纳非主流声音的重要媒介。
在此背景下,新加坡华文小报异常蓬勃。新加坡首份华文小报约诞生于1925年。[4]此后数年间,小报数量快速成长。1925年至1929年间在新出版的小报多达73至89种。[5]这段时期是新马小报的第一个发展高峰,当时的小报有《一笑报》《一粲》《七天》《曼舞罗》等。
小报第二个发展高峰(1940年代-1950年代)
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歌女介绍专栏〈新莺出谷〉,《夜灯报》第378期(图源:新加坡国立大学图书馆)
二战结束后,新加坡社会重建,华文小报亦进入第二次蓬勃发展的黄金时期。这段时期,新加坡至少出现了40种华文小报,例如《钢报》《锋报》《狮报》《铁报》《大众报》《生活报》等。[6]其中《新立报》《夜灯报》等报刊销量一度高达数万份。[7]
然而,这段繁盛的时光并未持续太久。随着整体报业结构的改变,小报面临多重挑战。首先是经济压力的加剧,包含印刷成本上升、纸张与其他物资短缺,造成不少报刊难以持续营运。其次,小报内容倾向八卦与黄色新闻,尽管能吸引读者注意,却也因此受到殖民政府与知识分子的批评与排斥。官方时常进行查禁,使小报的生存空间日益受限。此外,小报多由小型团队经营,编辑人员流动率高、专业训练不足,导致报刊质量参差不齐。这些内部结构的脆弱性,使得小报在报业竞争日益激烈的环境中逐渐失去优势,最终走向衰退。小报终于在1950年代全数停刊,直到1960年代出版的《民报》。
小报余声
作为一种民间报刊形式,小报开放了语言与表述的空间,容纳不同阶层的声音,回应基层读者需求,并培养出活跃于评论、文学与新闻的写作者。它亦培养出日后新闻与出版界的重要人才,并见证战后新马社会大众文化的转型与多元现实。小报热潮虽在数十年间兴起又退去,但其所留下的社会动能与文化记忆,仍是理解早期华人文化与社会实践的重要切面。
注释:
[1]印刷业术语,用来描述纸张的开本大小。四开纸是全张纸对折两次后的大小,八开纸是对折四次后的大小,以此类推。
[2]郑文辉,《新加坡华文报业史(1881-1972)》,页82.
[3]彭念莹,《开拓空间,兼容并蓄:新加坡华文小报研究(1925-1929)》,页99.
[4]王赓武,〈新加坡早期华文小报与杂志〉,页740.
[5]崔贵强,〈新加坡的华文小报与杂志〉,页63。而王赓武根据大英博物馆保存的资料统计,则认为有73种,参考王赓武〈新加坡早期华文小报与杂志〉,页740.
[6]叶观仕,《马新新闻史》,页116。方积根、胡文英,《海外华文报刊的历史与现状》,页64.
[7]郑文辉,《新加坡华文报业史》,页73.
延伸资料:
[1]王赓武,〈新加坡早期华文小报与杂志〉。《南洋文摘》第14卷,第11期(1973),页740-743.
[2]王慷鼎,《战后初期的新加坡华文报刊(1945-1948)》。新加坡:国立大学中文系出版,1982.
[3]王慷鼎,《新加坡华文报刊史论集》。新加坡:新社,1987.
[4]郑文辉,《新加坡华文报业史(1881-1972)》。新加坡:新马出版印刷公司,1973.
[5]郑文辉,〈小报之王曾梦笔〉。《联合早报》,2019年3月30日。
[7]崔贵强,《源远流长:上海书局七十周年纪念刊物》。新加坡:上海书局,1995年。
[8]彭念莹,《开拓空间,兼容并蓄:新加坡华文小报研究(1925-1929)》。新加坡国立大学博士学位论文,2013.
[9]谢槐,《新加坡小报史》。新加坡:铁报社,1957.
[10]Lee, Meiyu. “From Lat Pau to Zaobao: A History of Chinese Newspapers.” Biblioasia, January-March 2020.
(作者为新加坡国立大学中文系硕士生,研究领域包括新马文学研究、华语语系研究与现当代文学与文化研究等)
Chinese tabloids in Singapore
Tabloids are newspapers that are generally smaller and more concise compared to daily broadsheets. They usually have a simpler layout and are offered at affordable prices. Tabloids feature a variety of content (mainly light and entertaining) and use more colloquial language. The distribution schedules of tabloids vary—some are published every three or five days, while others are released once a week.
Chinese tabloids made their debut in Singapore in 1925. Mainly commercially driven, they drew in readers by addressing the concerns of ordinary people, covering topics that struck a chord with the general population. Hence, their main readership included workers, farmers, as well as singers and dance hostesses.
Many Chinese literati who travelled south contributed to and assisted in managing these tabloids. They wrote poems and essays, commented on current affairs and social concerns, establishing the tabloids as a significant platform for interaction between intellectuals and mainstream culture.
In the 1920s, under the influence of China’s New Culture Movement, Chinese newspapers and general supplements in Singapore and Malaysia turned their focus towards intellectual and cultural topics, resulting in more common and light-hearted content being marginalised. Nonetheless, demand for such content persisted, leading readers to turn to the tabloids as an important medium for different perspectives.
In this environment, Singapore’s Chinese tabloids flourished. From 1925 to 1929, the publication of 73 to 89 tabloids occurred, marking the initial peak period for tabloids in Singapore and Malaysia. Notable publications included Yi Xiao Bao, Comical Weekly, Seven Days and Marlborough Weekly.
Chinese tabloids entered a second golden era in the post-war period, with at least 40 different tabloids being released. These included Kang Pao, Feng Pao, Shieh Pau, Ti Press, Tah Chong Pau and Life News. Tabloids such as Sin Lit Pau and Yeh Teng Pao, at one point, managed to sell tens of thousands of copies.
However, this prosperous era did not last very long as the newspaper industry faced numerous challenges. Firstly, there was increasing financial pressure. Secondly, the coverage of gossip and sensational stories drew criticism and disapproval from the colonial authorities and intellectuals, leading to frequent suppression which limited the avenues for tabloids to function. Other factors included a high staff turnover rate, inadequate professional training, and variable quality, which eventually contributed to the downfall of the tabloid era. By the 1950s, all tabloids in Singapore had ceased publication, until Min Pao came along in the 1960s that made a change.
Tabloids created opportunities for language and expression, and nurtured writers of news, commentaries and literary works, some of whom later emerged as influential figures in the journalism and publishing industries. Bearing witness to the transformation of popular culture and the multifaceted realities of post-war Singaporean and Malaysian society, tabloids documented the cultural memories of their time.

