粤剧传承的践行者和追梦人——龚耀祥
文 · 蔡曙鹏 图 · 受访者提供
1824年,广东人与新加坡的客家移民联手在南面靠海的直落亚逸街兴建了福德祠。比1839年在福建社会显赫人士的支持下兴建的天福宫还要早十几年。可以合理推测,福德祠建成后不久,就开始邀请粤剧团到新加坡,在宗教节日期间表演。1857年,成立粤剧公会(1890年正式注册,改名为八和会馆)。30年后,位于史密斯街的粤剧新场地梨春园戏园开幕。它的商业收益带动兴建了更多的戏园。上世纪20年代,粤剧与来自中国的潮剧戏班和平剧戏班吸引了大批追随者。新世界游乐园、大世界游乐园的戏园,你方唱罢我登台,热闹极了。
牛车水充满活力的粤剧“外生态”
文化生态是文化生成与发展的基础。戏曲的发生、发展和变迁,是戏剧文化生态内部系统和多种文化因素合力所致。戏曲文化生态受各种外在文化因素所形成的“外生态”和戏剧内部生产机制所形成的“内生态”(剧目、音乐唱腔、表演艺术、舞台美术等)影响。“外生态”包括社会政治、经济、意识形态等官方文化政策形成的“大环境”,以及民俗、信仰、社会组织等民间文化形成的“小环境”。戏曲的产生与民间文化的“小环境”就是文化地理。粤剧在新加坡发生和发展与牛车水的密切关系,就如海南戏的发展和后港海南村的渊源类似。
50年代至70年代节庆期间,新加坡除了庙宇之外,街边搭台演戏随处可见,街戏就是大众的戏曲文化课堂。年长的看戏解乡愁,小朋友看热闹接受传统文化熏陶。这样的环境也对戏台下的孩子们产生潜移默化的影响。有些观众因戏看多了,对戏曲艺术产生了浓厚兴趣。龚耀祥就是节庆街戏文化滋养出来的粤剧追梦人。
龚耀祥叙述接过粤剧火种的由来:“可惜!我错过了许多粤剧大明星在新加坡的表演。在30年代,新加坡已经是吸引中国‘老倌’(广东话指名伶)南来演出的地方。当时戏园老板看到商机,和在香港、广州已经有名气的‘老倌’合作,通过中介南来搭班演出。马师曾、谭兰卿、薛觉先等的电影在30年代大受欢迎,观众想看他们的现场表演。传说余仁生跨国医药公司的老板余东旋和夫人爱看戏,支持‘老倌’南来,为他们在香港买布景、服装等。这些外来文化因素提供‘老倌’搭本地班演戏的条件。据说50年代,关德兴、石燕子、叶少棠等也很精彩。还好,在我比较懂事的七八十年代,还有机会看到不少在牛车水演出的香港戏班的名角。例如林家声、罗家英、林锦堂、阮兆辉、文千岁、温玉瑜等的传统粤剧演出。粵剧文本、音乐、功架、排场及服饰,都很吸引幼年的我。看他们从7点多演到三更半夜的戏,就像接受训练一样。要听唱腔、听音乐、看生旦净丑功架、看服饰头盔,就在看戏过程中积累了粤剧表演的知识。”
立达中学异想天开的粤剧演出
中学时代的龚耀祥在牛车水看了无数粤剧后,觉得至美至柔,莫若粤曲。当学校给学生在礼堂呈献节目时,他异想天开,报名演粤剧。老师既吃惊又感动,竟然有学生对传统戏有那样的热情。他和也是无师自通的同校同学欧阳炳文商议好,演出的是唐涤生(1917-1959)名作《帝女花》之《香夭》。
长平公主被父亲崇祯皇帝无奈砍断左臂的事《明史》虽有记载,剧情却不少是唐涤生虚构出来的。任剑辉、白雪仙版本的八场戏《树盟》《香劫》《乞尸》《庵遇》《相认》《迎风》《上表》和《香夭》,以《香夭》最受粤剧票友和戏迷喜爱。龚耀祥想演《香夭》,因为这一折曲好听,如果唱做俱佳,情凄意切,必然动人。学校礼堂,既无正规剧场灯光,当时也没有夹式麦克风,怎么办?龚耀祥想出奇招,把本该手拿的麦克风挂胸前,虽然有碍观瞻,但能把声音传出去。还有更妙的是,因为没有柳树所以就用了放麦克风的支架挂了几根柳枝,象征性地代表柳树。戏曲的艺术形象假定性原则,决定了艺术形象与其所反映的生活自然形态不相符的审美观念,因此以麦克风支架当柳树树身,柳枝代替柳叶,可以说得通。龚耀祥说:“戏曲观众需要想象力嘛,戏曲理论中的‘程式’就是‘假定性’,所以可以以马鞭代马,以浆代船,就是观演习惯,约定俗成。我就大胆以麦克风支架代替树身啦!”戏结束了,好奇的同学们给这个另类的节目雷鸣般的掌声,老师们也拍红了手掌。把粤剧带进学校,这是一个成功的特例。
回想起来,龚耀祥哑然失笑。他说:“真是初生牛犊不怕虎,敢于创造机会实现梦想。从表演技术层面来说,当时还很稚嫩。破茧成蝶,是一个挣扎和努力的过程吧。”把《香夭》成功地搬上学校礼堂,增强了一个追梦人的信心。“马来同学对我们自己画的浓妆艳抹,心生叹服,对唱念与马来传统戏有类似之处,也感好奇。《香夭》的顺利演出得到老师们的鼓励,让我和炳文开心了很多天。”
敦煌剧坊培养青年演员
在新加坡联华药行私人有限公司董事主席兼总经理张荣的支持下,敦煌剧坊于1981年成立了。黄仕英、胡桂馨、胡秋洪、曾燕玲、卢楣华、徐应就、曾维礼、谢广源、胡葆燕等人很快就使敦煌剧坊成为一个演出多、面向广、进校园、促交流的粤剧领军团队。成立不久,吸引了不少年轻人参加。龚耀祥、欧阳炳文又在这里相遇,他们被选为大戏《辞郎州》的演员。粤剧《辞郎州》移植自创作于1958年同名潮剧,是潮剧剧作家林澜、魏启光、连裕斌合编,翌年作为建国十周年献礼的剧目。该剧由名伶任剑辉及白雪仙的雏凤鸣剧团(创立于1963年)在潮剧《辞郎州》面世十年后,才移植为同名粤剧。
这个文武兼备的大戏,需要唱做俱佳的多个演员配搭。敦煌剧坊当时具备了演出《辞郎州》的条件。从《赐袍》《送别》《驰救》《海战》《杀奸》到《殉国》,有主角的重头戏,也须有数个唱念俱佳的配角搭戏。敦煌剧坊的这批青年演员能唱能演、武场也不赖,曾维礼带领的乐队发挥得很好。之后,龚耀祥在敦煌剧坊演了不少折子戏和大戏,如《无情宝剑有情天》《刁蛮公主之洞房》《打金枝》等等。他也跟随敦煌剧坊到匈牙利、法国、埃及、中国、日本、澳洲等国家演出了《凄凉辽宫月》《帝女花》和《李后主》等。80年代至90年代,还参加和旅游局合作的一系列在新加坡手工艺中心等不同地点举行的户外演出。龚耀祥在敦煌剧坊打下了牢固的基础:胡桂馨教基本功,生角功架由卢楣华传授,学唱跟曾维礼,武功老师徐应文武兼顾。敦煌剧坊频密的演出给他很好的锻炼。
那20年,粤剧的“外生态”不错。除了敦煌剧坊的《国际梅花戏剧节》、社会发展部的《传统戏曲节》之外,牛车水人民剧场邀请了广东粤剧院、广州粤剧团、湛江粤剧团等,中国剧团接踵而至,频繁的演出吸引大批观众。其中佛山粤剧团在1991年创下连演28天、日夜共演34场的纪录。这个时期,戏剧内部机制所形成的“内生态”很健康。活跃的业余剧团如敦煌剧坊、东安会馆、冈州会馆、回声粤剧团、新加坡华族戏曲研究会都有定期粤剧演出活动。新移民如凌东明、胡雪仪、楚云玉、陈小锐等各以其专长,为粤剧文化建设添砖加瓦。2010年新加坡戏曲学院以《探索当代传播与发展,寻求越界合作与研究》为主题,在新加坡国家博物馆举行了盛大国际研讨会。研讨会上发表论文与发言者有:新加坡的容世诚、蔡曙鹏、谢汶亨、吴彦鸿、凌东明、朱振邦、楚云玉、陈小锐、黄美玲、龚耀祥和欧阳炳文;马来西亚的谢爱萍;中国的康保成、陈建平、冯杏元、梁素梅、方宁;香港的温志鹏。议题涵盖不同地区粤剧发展现状及展望;当前不同地区粤剧的艺术生态;演员培训的内容与方法;编剧与导演、舞台、灯光、服裝设计;传统演出剧目与新编剧本的选择;剧场实验及舞台呈献方式的改变;培养观众的措施与成就;作曲与演奏方式的发展。龚耀祥以《新加坡土生土长的粤剧文武生》为题,讨论了成为粤剧文武生的条件、并如数家珍地介绍了卫梦兰、伍艳红、胡慧芳、卢楣华、谭凤鸣等女文武生的表演特色。研讨会打开了从非物质文化遗产的视角看新加坡的粤剧文化大门。
剧艺之家传承薪火
然而,方言渐渐不是稚龄期社会化语言(language of early socialization)的当下,戏曲剧团要找到懂得各种剧种的演出语言的人群,困难增大。许多剧团的做法就是演出时提供中英双语字幕。吸引不谙华文,又不懂方言的观众来看戏。扩大观众群、培训表演人才是粤剧的持续发展的关键。为了维护粤剧的传承,龚耀祥和他的好友柳德衍、刘满钻等人,在2002年组织了一个推动粤剧的新团体,剧艺之家。
剧艺之家一面开班授课,一方面组织具有特色的演出。龚耀祥在剧艺之家开班传艺,积极培训演员:廖瑞萍、刘贵连、赖锦昌等。大家充分意识到通过培训提升表演能力的重要性,持之以恒,进步明显。剧艺之家组织了很多演出,例如:2007年向从艺40年的柳德衍和入行30年的刘满钻致敬晚会“柳帆轻渡满知音”,夫妻合演《蔡锷和小凤仙》和《易水送荆轲》传为佳话。又如2014年为资深演员谢广源举办《源来欢乐在今宵》,是一场难得一见谐曲演出。再如2016年为纪念粤剧名伶陈小汉的《B腔妙韵绕狮城》,龚耀祥、柳德衍、凌东明、徐应就、龚耀祥联袂登场,精彩纷呈。陈小汉糅合自己声线特点创造的粤剧唱腔,获国务院特殊津贴专家、国家一级演员艺术流派“B腔”荣誉。粤剧迷对他有一种莫名的亲切感。
八和会馆的新角色
今年1月7日,吉隆坡协会和星光大道(Bukit Bintang)金河广场主办“马来西亚粤剧的过去、现在与未来”戏剧论坛和“蔡艳香师傅展览会”。在论坛上发言的马来西亚八和会馆副总务林铸良,也赞同与会者提出的“粤剧人以大格局思维借力做事,寻求跨境汇演的建议。”“疫情之后各国八和会馆建立联系,可以探讨一起推动粤剧的可能性”。八和会馆新上任主席柳德衍和总务龚耀祥也赞同寻求各地八和会馆合力的可能性。
有166年历史的新加坡八和会馆,过去南来的名伶都会前往拜访。靓元亨、肖丽章、马师曾、薛觉先、罗品超、陈非侬(陈宝珠之父)、白驹荣(白雪仙之父)、梁醒波、文觉非等都在八和会馆留下足迹。龚耀祥对未来充满期待:“八和会馆回溯历史,可以发动一次挖掘档案、收集文物的活动。展望将来,可以策划本地演出,举办与海外八和会馆举办跨境合作活动。大家齐心,擦亮老招牌,再创辉煌。”今年7月15日,八和会馆准备组织6个团体的大合演,群星会聚,老戏新演,必然有一番热闹。
(作者为新加坡戏曲学院创院院长、民族音乐学博士)
An accomplished actor with a new role
RIt is said that early childhood memory is a predictor of growth trajectories. Gary Kong’s artistic achievements are indeed closely linked to his childhood experience of watching the very many Cantonese opera performances in Chinatown. Smith Street was called Theatre Street, Temple Street was referred to as Xiyuan Theatre Back Street, and Trengganu Street was known as Theatre Side Street. Gary said, “I was able to watch the street theatre featuring stars from Hong Kong who appeared in the street theatre. These open-air performances ran from early evening to midnight. Initially I was attracted by the intricate makeup and glittering headdresses of the performers but soon I learned to appreciate the musical and theatrical aspects of the shows. My knowledge was greatly enhanced by listening to the Rediffusion and radio later.”
Gary’s creative hobbies were absolutely essential for his emotional well-being when he was in school. Using his pyjamas as “watersleeve”, he spent hours imitating the movements in Cantonese opera to practise his moves and singing. He learned by himself in the bathroom to improve his singing skills when he was a student in the Bukit Ho Swee Secondary School. By the time he was a secondary three student, Gary came up with an idea to perform one of the most famous Cantonese operas by the late renowned dramatist Tong Tik Sang. His unusual proposal of performing an excerpt of Di Nü Hua was immediately supported by an equally talented fellow student, Aw Yong Peng Mun, who later became a well-established Hua Dan (lead female role) actor. Peng Mun played Princess Chang Ping while Gary played her lover Zhou Shi Xian. In 1982, they both joined the Chinese Theatre Circle (CTC) set up by Joanna Wong and Leslie Wong.
Initially playing soldiers or guards, Gary rose to take on major roles in the productions of CTC and travelled with the group to perform overseas. Gary is among the first batch of artistes nurtured by the CTC.
In 2012, Gary set up a new Cantonese opera group called the Chinese Cultural Arts Centre (CCAC) with support from close friends. It would present public performances and conduct training classes regularly. The CCAC collaborated with many Cantonese opera groups and artistes. The classes
Gary conducted have been popular and many of the students have been learning the art of Cantonese opera from him for more than a decade. They also performed in the concerts CCAC organised and in presentations of other groups.
Gary’s expertise led to an invitation from the Chinese Opera Institute when it organised Singapore’s first International Conference on Cantonese Opera at the National Museum. His presentation on “The Arts of Wen Wu Sheng” impressed the audience with his long years of observation of Cantonese opera performances and deep knowledge of the arts and various roles. “Wen Wu Sheng is a unique role type in Cantonese opera which demands an actor to be able to sing well and at the same time play roles that require the performer to master weaponry in fighting scenes. I am very lucky to have watched the performances of generations of Wen Wu Sheng actors. Their skillful performances have won acclaim locally and internationally.
Cantonese opera groups and activists responded to the challenges of the Covid pandemic well and found ways to connect with the audience by presenting their shows online. One good example was “Tiger Tally” written by Sally Low, with Gary Kong, Sally Low, and Philip Chan playing lead roles. The show was professionally recorded and produced by the Chinese Opera Society.
Recently, Gary was elected as Head of General Affairs of the Cantonese opera guild. The guild was set up in 1857, officially registered in 1890 and was re-named Pat Wo Wui Kun. Gary is spearheading a project to connect all Pat Wo Wui Kun in Southeast Asia and beyond. It is hoped that the association will find ways to collaborate with fellow practitioners of Pat Wo Wui Lun to counter the challenges of declining audienceship. Gary is convinced, “Language is the cornerstone of Cantonese opera culture. How we keep the language alive is crucial to the revival of the once popular art form in Singapore. I am sure that when there is will, there is way, as intangible cultural heritage plays a key role in strengthening the social fabric in an inclusive way.”