艾弗顿园:保留海港城市的记忆
文图 · 李国樑
喧嚣的广东民路市区边缘,艾弗顿园(Everton Park)和相邻的史波蒂斯兀园(Spottiswoode Park)相对静谧,约20座组屋跟周边的老房子共生。组屋底层多数是传统商店和小餐室,近年来多了年轻人的创意工坊,英国“Time Out”媒体将这一带列为2022年全球最酷的街道之一。
艾弗顿园原为港务局员工的住所,于新马合并时期奠基兴建。1979年翻修时,政府将这些单位重新规划为公共组屋。如今附近的箱运码头全自动化,跟半个世纪前劳工密集的年代不可同日而语。艾弗顿园见证了“新加坡生命线”最重要的转型阶段,保留着海港城市的昔日记忆。
蒸汽船的诞生和苏伊士运河开通,促进了东西方远洋贸易。一个半世纪以来,世界各地的船只在岌巴海港停泊、转运、添置煤炭和燃油。昔日的新加坡港务局、市议会和改良信托局是本地三大雇主,熙来攘往的轮船为本地人创造了许多工作机会。
不眠的海港一个甲子前实行日夜轮班制,政府决定在艾弗顿园和布莱坪(Blair Plain)为海港员工建造住房,方便他们上下班。布莱坪员工宿舍俗称“2号门”,也就是丹戎巴葛火车站对面丹戎巴葛分销园(Tanjong Pagar Distripark)一带。1968年这些宿舍落成,三几年后,时任总理李光耀敦促海港员工别把这些单位当作永久住宅,由于他们退休后无法继续住在宿舍,必须提早为晚年生活打算。80年代中叶,受影响的布莱坪居民全部安顿到各组屋区。
史波蒂斯兀园
19世纪初,欧洲和华人商贾已将史波蒂斯兀园一带发展为豆蔻种植园。目前史波蒂斯兀园的25层点式楼房,是上世纪70年代为港务局员工建造的私人公寓,采用的是建屋局4房和5房式组屋设计。由于当时员工觉得这些公寓的售价太过高昂,造成许多单位空置,最终所有屋子都交给建屋局管理。
史波蒂斯兀园以查理·史波蒂斯兀(Charlie Spottiswoode,1812-1858)命名。这位英国商人跟当时的上流社会一样喜欢养马,与一群业余赛马爱好者成立新加坡体育俱乐部,向政府申请花拉公园一带的土地定期赛马,这是跑马埔路(Race Course Road)赛马场的起源。福康宁山的基督教坟场有两排砖墙,史波蒂斯兀的墓碑镶在其中一面墙壁上,大家到福康宁山散步的时候,不妨考考自己的眼力。
布莱坪保留区的特色建筑风情
布莱坪保留区是个融合中国、马来和欧洲设计元素的店屋和排屋组成的建筑群。中式建筑风格体现在个别元素,例如门前庭院规划、斜屋顶末端的圆形屋檐、窗户上方的蝙蝠翼形通风口、以龙凤和花草为图案的彩色陶瓷片门楣等。马来风格可见于屋檐的木制网状结构、楣板和栏杆设计。欧洲的影响力则体现在法式窗户、百叶窗、马赛克地板、墙面装饰瓷砖、科林斯式壁柱和威尼斯式门廊。
20世纪初,这里已经出现装饰华丽的建筑。个别业主选择最新的技术来提升他们的房子,一直持续到60年代,导致出现不同风格的外墙和建筑形式。例如布莱路19号排屋,有个装饰华丽“晚期风格”的前院,而艾弗顿路27/27A用砖块砌成图案,形成独特工艺与艺术装饰风格的混合体。
或许最叫人惊讶的是:一些最早期的建筑仍然存在。例如史波蒂斯兀园路66号,原来的装饰门面是由模拟砖、书法和传统花鸟画面组成的中式壁画。它可能是目前新加坡唯一最完整的,也是最原始的19世纪装饰艺术风格的店屋。
巴韦安人的落脚处
巴韦安人是这个地区早年的少数族群之一,居住在艾弗顿路40号的棚屋(Pondok)。棚屋的社会功能类似于华社的会馆与估俚间,用来接济来到异地且举目无亲的族人,为他们提供短期住宿、社交与宗教场所,直到他们有能力独立生活。
巴韦安(Bawean)岛位于爪哇东北部,岛上居民的传统就是“跑江湖”。他们四海为家,累积丰富的航海知识,不惜离乡背井到异地他乡寻找财富。每逢交易的季节,这些商人到各个商港逗留数月,换季的时候才随着季候风回家。每次成功的回航都会提高这些商人在社群中的地位,丰富的阅历使他们的探险故事变得更加神奇,吸引一波又一波的村民离开家乡,到马来群岛各地,包括新加坡赚取第一桶金。日据时期,一些巴韦安人甚至因为饥饿,漂洋过海来到新加坡定居。
土生华人与传教士剪影
尼路157号的峇峇屋博物馆结构华丽精致,外墙有传统剪粘瓷片装潢,门楣挂着“种盛”匾额,寓意后代昌盛。这栋连内部装饰都保存良好的峇峇屋,让我们对海峡华人历史和文化有进一步认识。原屋主黄敏是一名造船业大亨,19世纪中叶便在此处开枝散叶。多年以后,马来西亚马华公会发起人陈桢禄的女儿陈金蕊从黄敏的后裔手中将屋子买过来,捐献给国大作为研究用途。
峇峇屋博物馆对面的警察广东民大厦(The Police Cantonment Complex),跟前花菲卫理公会女子学校(Fairfield Methodist Girls’ School)维多利亚时代原建筑结合成一体。学校的创建,与来自澳洲的女传教士苏菲雅修女(Sophia Blackmore)的诚意划上等号。
苏菲雅于1887年来到新加坡前先学会马来话,跟印度籍基督教徒成立美以美女校(Methodist Girls’ School,原名Tamil Girls’Sch-ool),隔年在陈恭锡和娘惹文(Nonya Boon)的支持下,在吉宁街(Cross Street)娘惹文的住家创校,鼓励土生华人送女孩入学读书。对于土生华人重男轻女的观念,苏菲雅回忆道:有些母亲告诉她,我们不要女儿学会自立,如果女儿跟儿子读同样一本书,女儿一定会学得更好,儿子学不到东西。女儿没有读书看起来很笨,不过无所谓,儿子一定要看起来聪明。苏菲雅在本地居住40多年,为文化教育奉献一生。
带动城市发展的海港
1932年,新加坡火车站第18站(丹戎巴葛火车站)在填土地带落成,原来的构思是提供无缝海陆物流网,货物下船后由火车载送到马来亚各地。火车站正门的四尊大理石人物雕像,代表农业、商业、运输和工业四大昔日马来亚的经济支柱。二战结束后,全球航运重新启动,由于岌巴港和船坞设备落后,船主选择到香港停靠。“双城记”的激烈竞争,迫使新加坡重新思考海港的发展方向。
箱运码头的第一个深水泊位于新加坡独立翌年开始建造,当时散货船的运载率占全球海运市场的9成以上,集装箱船的载货量则少过3%,全亚洲没有一家航运公司承诺为欧洲远东航线建造集装箱船。投资自动化箱运码头设施费用高昂,可能让一些工人失业,而且未必带来经济效益,因此是个相当艰难的决定。政府听取时任首席经济顾问温斯敏(Albert Winsemius)的建议,做出建造第一批集装箱设施的大胆决策。
1972年,新加坡比香港早几个月开放集装箱码头。第一艘停靠的集装箱船MV Nihon号从荷兰鹿特丹抵达新加坡,此后集装箱船成为全球的作业标准。科技改变了货运流程,先进的自动化设备奠定新加坡港口的地位,跟全球600个商港连接,每年处理3000多万个集装箱。
再过20年,岌巴港将由正在兴建中的大士港口完全取代。这是继发展箱运码头后,重新思考未来的蓝海机遇的成品,亦为运作了两个世纪的市区边缘的海港画上休止符。
至于丹戎巴葛火车站,后来成为来往马来西亚的启航点。火车载来各城镇的联邦工友,以及将新加坡视为未来希望的联邦学生。2011年6月30日晚,最后一趟南下火车驶入丹戎巴葛火车站,过去只有在农历新年前,游子归家时才出现的人潮纷纷举起相机,捕捉火车入站的最后一刻。留不住的花样年华,挡不住的世事变迁,火车轨迹在许多人心中留下一段生命的记忆。如今火车站地带正在大兴土木,准备3年后以地铁环线广东民站的新客运姿态重新出发。火车站大厦可能发展成商业中心,为城市保留火车站的时代印记。
丹戎巴葛分销园展馆
随着箱运码头逐步往西迁移,新加坡美术馆在空出来的丹戎巴葛分销园设立展馆,为粗线条的船运业注入艺术的清流。
近年有好些外地的当代美术馆将旧工业大楼改装成展览馆,同样的,在本地富有历史厚重感的码头欣赏当代艺术,相信是个别开生面的体验。
展馆的设计概念,就是一件独特的当代艺术品。美术馆的入口设在升高卸货台,馆内以海运与仓库常用的木栈板(pallet)造型的接待柜台与长凳跟访客对话。常设展馆以南部岛屿与海港变化为创作灵感,后方的出入口则面向箱运码头,把海港的景色引入室内。若脚力好,不妨考虑爬上5层楼梯,观赏平时难得一见的海港运作。
当造船业走下坡时
艾弗顿园第1座组屋有家30多年的老店铺——以红龟粿打出一片天的“吉祥食品”,俗称“吉祥红龟粿”。卓宝植夫妇采用娘惹糕点的做法,运用从联络所学到的手艺调制出自己的风格,亮点是红色外皮使用上等糯米粉、椰浆、白糖和食物颜料,并坚持手工制作来控制外皮的厚度与口感。
卓宝植原本承包船厂的烧焊工作,随着上世纪80年代造船业周期性走下坡,只好孤注一掷改行做红龟粿。为了保证品质、卫生和食物的原味,制作红龟粿的蒸豆、炒花生、揉皮每一个环节,他都坚持自己动手。早年红龟粿大多用来拜神或满月做寿,如今已经成为朋友聊天或家庭聚会上的小吃。可见传统可以在原来的基础上创新,既能保留岁月痕迹,又能展现生命活力,就像整个艾佛顿园与周遭环境的风貌一样。
参考文献:
[1]“Blair Plain Conservation Area”, https://www.roots.gov.sg/places/places-landing/Places/surveyed-sites/Blair-Plain-Conservation-Area accessed 1 August 2022.
[2]Hadi Osni, “The Baweanese Po-ndok: Pondok Tampilung”, http://www.berkeleyprize.org/endow-ment/the-reserve?id=2395 acc-essed 16 August 2022.
[3]Ji Xiang Everton, https://jixiang-everton.com.sg/about-us acce-ssed 6 August 2022.
[4]Michelle Chng, Port and the City: Balancing Growth and Liveability, Centre for Liveable Cities (CLC) Singapore, 2016. ISBN 978-981-11-0102-1 (e-version).
[5]Nor-Afidah Abd Rahman and Marsita Omar, “The Baweanese (Boyanese)”, singaporeinfopedia, https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1069_2007-06-20.html accessed 6 August 2022.
[6]The Straits Times
[7]Vernon Cornelius&Faridah Ibra him, “Tanjong Pagar”, singapore-infopedia, https://eresources.nlb. gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_732_2005-01-26.html accessed 25 May 2022.
[8]《联合早报》
(作者为英国皇家造船师学会会员、自由文史工作者)
Everton Park: Preserving the Memory of a Harbour City
Situated on the edge of the hustles and bustles of Cantonment Road, Everton Park and the neighbouring Spottiswoode Park are relatively quiet. Everton Park was constructed for the Singapore Harbour Board (SHB) workers during the merger with Malaysia. 15 years later, the estate was renovated for public housing. Most of the void decks at housing estates were converted into traditional shops and eating places. In recent years, young people injected new life into this quiet corner by setting up artisan shops and trendy cafes which drew crowds during rush hours.
The point blocks at Spottiswoode Park were built in the 1970s as private condominiums for managerial grade employees of the Port of Singapore Authority (PSA). However, many units were left vacant as staff found them too expensive. Eventually, the entire Spottiswoode Park estate was handed over to the Housing & Development Board (HDB).
Time Out, headquartered in London, has named Everton Road as one of the coolest streets in the world in 2022. Indeed, there is plenty to do there. One may start strolling through the tranquil streets with rows of pre-war shophouses and decorative street art murals, appreciating those vibrant neo-renaissance style architectures. The chien nien (cut porcelain) ornamentation, painting and carving at the Baba House and some of the adjacent shophouses are added bonuses for those who spend enough time there.
At the beginning of the 20th century, ornately decorated buildings were already appearing at Blair Plain. Individual owners chose to upgrade their houses with the latest techniques and trends, resulting in different styles of facades and architectural forms. For example, the row of terrace houses at 19 Blair Road has an ornate “late style” front courtyard, while 27/27A Everton Road is patterned with brickwork, creating a unique amalgamation of arts and crafts and art deco styles.
Perhaps one of the most rewarding discoveries would be 66 Spottiswoode Road. The two-storey building retained its original decorative facade of Chinese murals made up of mock brick, calligraphy and traditional flower and bird painting. It is probably the single most intact and original 19th century art deco shophouse in Singapore today.
Nostalgically, Everton Park preserves some of the memories of the harbour city’s past. It witnessed the most important phase of the transformation of Singapore’s lifeline. The nearby PSA port is now fully automated, a far cry from the labour-intensive days of half a century ago.
The birth of the steamship and the Suez Canal facilitated oceanic trade between the East and West. For a century and a half, ships from all over the world berthed, transhipped and refuelled with coal and marine fuels at the Keppel Harbour. Those ships that plied the harbour created many jobs for local people.
When the sleepless harbour was put on day and night shifts six decades ago, the government decided to build staff housing nearby to facilitate their commute to work. Blair Plain staff quarters, commonly known as Gate 2, were the nearest, located within the Tanjong Pagar Distripark vicinity. A few years after the completion of the quarters, then Prime Minister reminded the occupants that the units were not meant for permanent stay and they would not be able to continue living in the quarters after retirement. By the mid-1980s, all affected residents had been resettled in various HDB estates.
The Baweanese were one of the early minority groups lived in the “pondok” at 40 Everton Road. The social function of the “pondok” was similar to that of Chinese clan associations or coolies quarters, providing space for short-term accommodation, social and religious activities for immigrants who came to a foreign land.
Walking around, one may further appreciate how tradition can be rejuvenated and brought to life while preserving the signs of the times, just like the serene Everton Park and its surroundings.