以体育起家的花拉公园
文图 · 李国樑
花拉公园组屋隶属于加冷(黄埔)住宅区,这一带的白桥、竹脚、奥云(Owen)和剑桥(Cambridge)邻里共有20多座组屋。未来几年花拉公园将兴建1600个新组屋单位,约五分之一的土地用于公共运动空间,还原这个地区的体育特色。家长也希望子孙有机会住在附近,让新一代家庭了解这一区的历史,谱写自己的故事。
花拉公园以百年前的市政会主席R.J.Farrer的名字命名,华人俗称“白桥”,不过如今已不见白色桥梁的踪影。梧槽河上原有的白色洋灰桥已由新桥取代,桥面上触目所及的,就是现在的竹脚妇幼医院大楼。上世纪60年代巅峰期,竹脚妇幼医院每年迎接约4万个新生命,成为世界上最多婴儿出生的医院。坐落在原来北湖住宅区(Tasek Utara Estate)的白桥小贩中心,取代从前的剑桥巴刹,为老地方保留白桥元素。
花拉公园是开启体育史的原点
花拉公园跟新加坡体育史难以分割。1956年花拉公园体育中心开幕,开启新加坡现代体育的里程碑。体育中心有七条跑道的体育场、网球中心、足球场、橄榄球场、曲棍球场、游泳池和超过20家体育会的办公室。
接下来的发展规划,坐落在花拉公园草场的前新加坡业余拳击协会训练场地,以及举办拳击赛事的拳击场将被保留。拳击曾经是新加坡的主要运动项目,经常在消失的繁华世界室内体育场进行拳击赛,热门程度在东南亚仅次于泰国。新加坡业余拳击协会于一个世纪前成立,圣安德烈学校的校长亚当斯教士(R.K.S. Adams)是主要倡导人,鼓励他的学生参加拳击运动来培养“纪律和男子气概”。
花拉公园游泳池
传统学校鼓励发展德、智、体、群、美五育,我的中小学生涯,每年的全校田径赛都在花拉公园运动场进行。制服团体在草场列队,校长郑重其事,穿上西装大衣为运动会掀开序幕。出席观看赛事的同学,可凭餐券领取免费食物和饮料。运动场旁的几个足球场,是我们周末练兵的地方。
新加坡在东南亚各国体育赛事中,游泳是最强的项目。体育场旁的花拉公园游泳池,也是一些本地泳手受训的场地。洪德美在花拉公园游泳池担任管理员,带着年幼的儿子洪秉祥到这里训练,将洪秉祥培养成为世界级短池泳手。21世纪初,游泳池停止让公众使用,洪秉祥租下场地设立游泳学校,残疾人运动员吴蕊思和叶品秀都是他的门生。
花拉公园游泳池不被保留,那是因为泳池已出现地面沉降,整修不符合成本效益。当局计划建设新的体育中心,将泳池和其他体育设施集中在同一屋檐下。
跑马场乃花拉公园的起源
花拉公园体育中心前身是跑马埔(Race Course),也就是现代马场。英国商人成立新加坡体育俱乐部(新加坡赛马公会前身),将赛马引入新加坡。1843年2月23日举行的第一场赛马定为公共假期,马场成为上流社会的社交与运动之所。
来自爪哇的居民在跑马埔附近的甘榜爪哇(Kampong Java)居住,多数在马场当马夫。1907年兴建的北湖回教堂(Tasek Utara Mosque),百余年后依然保存着原来的甘榜风味。爪哇车夫到此祷告,竹脚妇产科医院落成后,医院的回教徒也来此礼拜。
上世纪30年代武吉知马跑马场竣工,跑马场搬迁到武吉知马,原来的跑马场易名为花拉公园,改良信托局在此地区兴建民宅,跑马埔路(Race Course Road)为昔日马场保留了些许蛛丝马迹。
就技术而言,赛马是一项专业运动,参赛的马匹出身名种,受到特别饲养和训练。对于骑师身材也有特别要求,首要条件是必须瘦小,不至于让马儿过度负重。当赛马成为合法赌博后,出现非法卜基(地下赌博业者)幕后操纵赛果,甚至因骑师“不听话”而遭暗杀等事件。马迷因赌马而欠下债务,搞到家破人亡的惨剧屡见不鲜。冠病疫情冲击本地赛马活动,赌徒转向赌球,解决了赛马是否虐待动物、如何处置老马、家庭分裂等道德问题。2024年本地赛马将画下句点,向风行将近两个世纪的殖民地遗物挥别。
难忘的历史事件
新加坡还没有机场的时候,花拉公园变成临时飞机坪,1919年底第一架远道而来的民航机降落在跑马场上。百年前的开拓性飞行,花了22天才从伦敦抵达本地。当时的飞行时速约150公里(如今800多公里),沿途停留10多次为引擎透气添油,同时让机组人员睡个好觉。那个年代飞机能够起飞的概率不高,而且容易发生意外,长途飞行是项艰巨而危险的任务。
二战时期,4万多名印度战俘聚集在花拉公园,日本司令部藤原发表演说,计划协助组建一支“解放军”来争取印度独立。他邀请坐在公园里的军人加入印度国民军,并表示将把指挥权移交给莫汉星(Mohan Singh)。莫汉星发言时,敦促战俘抓住机会,为解放祖国而战。铿锵有力的演讲触动战俘的心弦,开始认真考虑加入印度国民军,前往缅甸边境参与解放印度的军事行动。
反殖民地的年代,各政党纷纷组织集会,呼唤人民争取独立,建立自己当家作主的新加坡。马来亚论坛的学生成员从伦敦回到新加坡,成为政治舞台的重要人物。1955年8月17日,在花拉公园举行争取独立集会,Merdeka(独立)旗帜随着气球升空,凝聚起不同政治信仰与治国理念的人民。
新加坡脱离马来西亚独立没几天,马来西亚使出杀手锏,要求新加坡派遣第二步兵营到沙巴执行印尼对抗任务。马来西亚第一皇家步兵营过境时,“暂住”空置的乌鲁班丹军营后坚持不走,完成任务回国的本地军人,只好在花拉公园扎营。毕竟体育中心设备不足,冲凉如厕都不方便,拖下去,说不定会发生兵变。当时英军从义顺的卡迪军营搬走,马国军人又“看中”那个地方,在新加坡逗留约两年才自行离去。这起来自邻国的“入侵”事件有如当头棒喝,成为建立强大国防的依据之一。
英国城镇味道浓厚的社区
花拉公园的英国味道浓厚,这里有以20多条英国城镇命名的道路,如英国西南部城市布里斯托尔(Bristol),东部的大学城市剑桥(Cambridge),西南部的多塞特郡(Dorset),东部的诺福克郡(Norfolk),东南区的行政总部牛津(Oxford),东北部的坎伯兰郡(Cumberland)和德汉市(Durham)等。
英女皇伊丽莎白二世自少女时代,一举一动便受到世人关注。英国殖民地的居民都关心这名英国公主的婚礼,从她怀喜分娩、加冕登基、出访列国,到近年来她的孙子和孙媳妇到访的行踪,都成为本地热门新闻。
花拉公园于1950年建成的伊丽莎白公主住宅区,就是以她命名的。最初落成的四座改良信托局组屋供公务员居住,后来为其他居民而增建。21世纪初,这18座组屋被拆除,空置的草地将成为新组屋的组成部分。
名人故居
花拉公园距离市区不远,出入方便,成为昔日有钱人置业的地方。1920年代落成的纳福路(Norfolk Road)是欧亚人集居之地,李光耀当年考上坐落在市中心的莱佛士书院,父母为了迁就他上学,租下纳福路28号的浮脚楼。
19世纪潮商凭甘蜜业和鸦片专卖权致富,陈成宝倡议潮人应该有个清幽之地联络感情,将自己的庆利路(从前的甘榜爪哇路)产业作为会所。1845年左右创建的醉花林俱乐部,比屹立在大草场的英国人棒球俱乐部还古老。
新加坡和柔佛的两地闻人黄亚福在甘榜爪哇路80号去世,养正学校、广惠肇留医院和碧山亭新五亭义地都以他的名字挂帅。黄亚福跟“柔佛现代之父”苏丹阿布巴卡关系密切:苏丹皇宫由他兴建,新山黄亚福村(现在黄亚福街周边的街道和店屋)夜夜灯火辉煌,鸦片、赌馆和妓院几乎由他垄断。
柔佛义兴公司的第二号人物林亚相于甘榜爪哇路89号过世。林亚相曾经卷入唆使他人重伤华民护卫司长毕麒麟的官司。根据调查委员会的报告,蔡亚惜不过是名普通木匠,蓄意行刺长官,“必有匪党串合,预设奸谋”。蔡亚惜在法庭供证时表示因流连赌馆而欠头家10元,头家告诉他行刺司长事成之后赏金500元,结果恶向胆边生。情报显示,林亚相的赌馆收入因毕麒麟的严厉监管而首当其冲。法庭命令将林亚相等人扣押起来,警卫却误会为无罪释放,让众人逃之夭夭,林亚相躲过风头后才重出江湖。
大宝森节游行的启航点
实龙岗路的实里尼维沙伯鲁玛印度庙(Srinivasa Perumal Temple)是本地齐智人(Chettiar)创建的现存百年古庙之一,另外两所坐落在登路(Tank Road)和恭锡路(Keong Saik Road)。19世纪中叶,齐智商人以26卢比(今天的五毛钱)向英国东印度公司购买实龙岗路土地建庙。每年1月至2月间举行的大宝森节,由伯鲁玛印度庙出发,步行3.2公里到登路的丹达乌他帕尼印度庙(Sri Thendayuthapani Temple)。
大宝森是感谢神明,也是庆祝淡米尔历“泰月”(thai第10个月)“月亮最明亮”(pusum)的日子。虽然印度仍然保留种姓观念,本地的大宝森节则是个不分阶级,普天同庆的日子。2023年冠病疫情好转后的第一个月圆节庆,超过400名信徒参与抬“卡瓦迪”针座(kavadi)游行,供奉奶壶的信徒则超过一万多人。主办方在沿线设立多个茶水供应站,让观看游行的公众人士饮用,设想相当周到。
为了证明对神的真诚,信徒于一个多月前便开始茹素和禁止房事,根据预约时间抵达庙宇,现场鼓乐升天,为众人加油打气。卡瓦迪的多根钢针插在男人赤裸的上身,脸颊亦穿针挂刺,在家人一路陪伴下,迈开“一步一牺牲”的徒步之旅。妇女和一些无法负荷沉重针座的男士则头顶牛奶银罐,加入赤脚队伍中。年轻夫妇将长长的甘蔗扎起来,一人一头挑着睡在“纱笼”的婴儿参与其盛,使大街上洋溢着浓郁的宗教文化色彩。
游笔至此,不禁想起我的母校,现在的潮州大厦:由于坐落在游行终点的印度庙旁,每年都有那么一天上不成课。同学们倚在玻璃窗旁,向最后几步路的游行者挥手打气。昔日凑在一起看热闹的童稚情怀,原来不经意间,已共同营造了许多个和谐包容的日子,让各族民俗在这片土地奕世相传。
参考文献:
[1] Fay, Peter W., The Forgotten Army: India’s Armed Struggle for Independence, 1942-1945., Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1993, ISBN 0-472-08342-2.
[2] Former Farrer Park Swimming Complex, https://www.roots.gov.sg/places/places-landing/Places/surveyed-sites/Former-Farrer-Park-Swimming-Complex accessed 1 February 2023.
[3] Rai, Rajesh, Indians in Singapore 1819-1945: Diaspora in the Colonial Port City, Oxford University Press, 2014, ISBN 9780198099291.
[4] The Legacies Queen Elizabeth II Left in Singapore, https://remember
singapore.org/2022/09/11/singaporeplaces-named-after-queen-elizabeth/ accessed 1 February 2023.
[5] The Cambridge Estate-An “English” Estate in Singapore,
https://remembersingapore.org/2016/01/10/cambridge-estate-english-named-roads/ accessed 1 February 2023.
[6] Vernon Cornelius, First airplane to land in Singapore, singaporeinfopedia,
https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_85_2005-01-22.html accessed 3 February 2023.
[7]吴庆辉,“花拉公园边的往事”,《联合晚报》2016年1月27日。
(作者为英国皇家造船师学会会员、自由文史工作者)
Farrer Park, a Sporting Legacy
The HDB flats at Farrer Park are part of the Kallang (Whampoa) Housing Estate, consisting of more than 20 HDB blocks located within the Pek Kio, Tekka, Owen and Cambridge neighbourhoods. 1,600 new HDB flats will be added in the next few years to revigorate the estate, and about one-fifth of the land will be used to recreate the unique sporting character of this part of Singapore. The next generation of families will get the opportunity to learn about Farrer Park’s legacy and to write their own personal stories.
Farrer Park was named after R.J. Farrer, the President of the Municipal Commissioners a century ago. The place is also known as “Pek Kio” (White Bridge) although there is no sign of the white bridge today. The original “Pek Kio” above the Rochor River was replaced by a new bridge facing the present KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital. Today, only the Pek Kio Hawker Centre’s name retains the connection to the past.
Opening in 1956, the Farrer Park Sports Centre is a milestone in Singapore’s modern sporting history. The sports centre featured a sevenlane running track, tennis centre, swimming pool, football, rugby and hockey fields, and offices for more than 20 sports clubs.
According to current development plans, the former Singapore Boxing Federation training ground will remain. Boxing was once a popular sport in Singapore and its popularity here was ranked second in Southeast Asia after Thailand. The Singapore Boxing Federation was founded a century ago. R.K.S. Adams, Principal of St Andrew’s School, was the main advocate. He encouraged his students to take part in this “gentleman’s sport” to develop “discipline and manliness”.
Traditional schools encourage a balanced development of moral, intellectual, physical, social and aesthetic education in their students. During my school days, the annual school athletics competition was held at the Farrer Park Sports Centre. The school principal would donned a blazer to kick off the event and students were given vouchers to collect food from the pop-up booths on site.
Swimming is Singapore’s strongest sport in Southeast Asia. The Farrer Park Swimming Pool was once the training ground for our local swimmers. Ang Peng Siong, the first local-born world-class freestyle swimmer, had been training here since he was a child. In the early 2000s, the swimming pool was closed to the public. Ang Peng Siong later set up a swimming school here, and paralympic athlete Yip Pin Xiu was one of his students.
The Farrer Park Swimming Pool is being demolished as it shows signs of sinking. Authorities plan to build a new sports centre on the same site, bringing together swimming pools and other sports facilities under one roof.
The Farrer Park Sports Centre is the former site of a racecourse. Horse racing was first introduced with the formation of the Singapore Sporting Club by amateur horse racing enthusiasts. When the first horse race was held on 23 February 1843, the date was so important that it was declared a public holiday. After the racecourse was moved to Bukit Timah in the 1930s, the old racecourse site was renamed Farrer Park.
Immigrants from Java lived around Kampong Java and many worked at the racecourse. The Tasek Utara Mosque, built in 1907, still retains its original Kampong style and was frequented by the Javanese residents. The mosque was also popular with Muslims working in the old KK hospital.
Farrer Park is a site rich in historical value. For example, Farrer Park was once a makeshift airport where the first civilian aircraft landed. The aircraft took 22 days to fly from London to Singapore. During WWII, Japanese commanders gathered Indian prisoners of war here and persuaded them to fight for Indian independence. On 17 August 1955, the Merdeka flag was flown here to signify Singapore’s determination for independence. For more than a century, the decorative Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple on Serangoon Road has added an unparallel Thaipusam experience to the religious and racial harmony of Singapore.