亚细安班吉艺术节纪实

文 · 蔡曙鹏     图 · 受访者提供

印度尼西亚共和国教育、文化、研究和技术部于2023年10月7日至28日主办了“亚细安班吉艺术节”。这是在1981年之后,印尼又一次担任本地域大型艺术节的东道主,以舞蹈为媒介,促进本地域文化交流。

四十二年前,亚细安只有印尼、马来西亚、菲律宾、新加坡和泰国五个成员国。作为东道主国家,印尼出动了来自爪哇、苏门答腊、峇厘等国立艺术学院毕业的舞蹈界精英呈献节目,展现其文化的多样性。马来西亚和新加坡都以隶属文化部的舞蹈团参演。前者演出以脱胎于吉兰丹宫廷舞的玛雍舞蹈风格演出马来舞剧《金鸟》,后者则以华、巫、印舞蹈员合演的《渔村组曲》,其多元文化的色彩与印尼的思路异曲同工。

菲律宾以芭蕾舞讲菲律宾故事,分享其在民族芭蕾道路上探索的成果。泰国由皇家戏剧学院的优秀校友与学生演出古典舞和民间舞。第一届亚细安艺术节的成果在于通过展演、研讨会和工作坊,让亚细安国家从事舞蹈艺术教学与表演、舞蹈研究的学者,第一次在艺术节的框架下,进行交流。那一代舞蹈工作者也因此建立了友谊,之后,由最初的每年一届到每两三年一届,表演艺术节易名为亚细安舞蹈节,由亚细安成员国轮流主办。

新加坡曾在1985年及1996年,两度为亚细安舞蹈节的东道主;汶莱于1984年成为成员国、越南与柬埔寨亦加入;1999年寮国和缅甸也成了亚细安家庭的一份子;共10个成员国。此后,成员国更加关注经政课题,虽有不同规模、不同主题的活动,亚细安舞蹈节则走进历史。但这个舞蹈节促进了民间舞蹈工作者的往来,有深远的影响。最后一届的亚细安舞蹈节以《罗摩衍那》为主题,由10个成员国艺术家编创成的舞剧,在新加坡、印尼、马来西亚、泰国和越南巡回演出。

“亚细安班吉艺术节”以在东南亚广泛流传的民间故事《班吉王子的传说》为题材,邀请9个国家的舞蹈编导、演奏员和舞蹈员进行创作。一年前,由印尼舞蹈家Bambang Pudjasworo 和Bambang Paningron兄弟牵头,把剧情建构成分成9场舞剧,另加序幕与尾声。9场舞剧由9个国家的团队负责编排,序幕与尾声则由全体舞蹈员合作。

《班吉王子的传说》的来龙去脉

亚细安合编的舞剧《班吉》展现东南亚舞蹈的多样性

《班吉王子的传说》是《罗摩衍那》之外,唯一在东南亚舞台上传播历史最长、影响最深远的民间故事,学界认为这是东南亚共享文化遗产之一。班吉的全名是班吉·伊努·克达巴迪(Panji Inu Kertapati)。他的故事在八、九世纪已经有口传版本传播[1]。最早出现的以爪哇文书写的诗体《班吉的传说》出现于14世纪满者伯夷(Majapahit)印度教王国(1293-1500年)[2]。这个民间传说,从东爪哇通过贸易、通婚、商演或特殊途径传播到马来亚、新加坡、泰国、老挝、柬埔寨、缅甸以及越南和菲律宾,成为17和18世纪东南亚的舞剧、皮影、木偶常见的题材。数百年来,《班吉王子的传说》呈现出多样化的改编与在地化的创作,各种不同版本,都有各自的追随者。

类似《罗摩衍那》的传播,随着每个接受国的宗教、文化与艺术传统的不同,以及改编者的美学观念的差异,情节会有所增删和改动。内容虽然不一样,歌颂坚贞爱情的主题是一致的。《班吉王子的传说》多种途径的流传情况与多元化的艺术样貌,马来学者Noriah Saleh Rattiya、印尼学者Karsono Saputra和欧洲Lydia Kieven和Adrian Vickers等有专书或文章论述。此外,从荷兰莱顿大学图书馆收藏了超过252份班吉传说的手稿,大部分写在来自印尼不同地区的纸张上。而且,书写的地方语言多达8种。

日惹艺术学院首次连排

10月7日,9个国家的团队陆续抵达日惹。印尼教育、文化、研究和技术部文化司司长希尔玛·法里德博士(Hilmar Farid)在欢迎晚宴上致辞时说:“这次活动,借《班吉王子的传说》为文化交流搭桥,其真正的意义是让疫情以来中断了艺术往来的本地域舞蹈界,通过一起创作、演出和研讨,重新面对面,以舞蹈作品传友谊。重新向年轻一代介绍我们共享的文化遗产。”参与团队包括新加坡城隍艺术学院,泰国、柬埔寨、老挝艺术部皇家舞蹈团,缅甸艺术大学舞蹈团,马来西亚国家剧院舞蹈团,越南国立舞蹈学院,菲律宾表演艺术融合协会和印尼的东爪哇的五所国立艺术学院。每个团队在出发前根据主办国的分配,在自己的国家把节目排好,抵达后再合成。很自然的,为了贯穿全剧,抵达印尼之后,在风格上加以调整。缅甸、柬埔寨和新加坡的音乐家,和由印尼爪哇五大艺术学院的嘉美兰乐队组成的大乐队,也需要相互配合。

城隍艺术学院陈添来先生说:“我们很乐意参加这个促进亚细安艺术交流与合作的项目。因此组织了三大民族的老中青舞蹈员、戏曲演员参加。跨年代舞蹈戏曲演员合作,有传、帮、带的意义。跨民族舞蹈员合作,有展现新加坡多元文化特色的意涵。可惜后来印度舞蹈员因病未能前往。这次,学院选派了两个12岁小演员Tyara Noor和林芯如参加艺术节,让她们体会东南亚舞蹈文化的精美,并结识邻国舞蹈界精英。希望我们的参与,能为文化外交尽一份绵力。”

《班吉寻得真爱》以王辰威的《心贤》为主旋律

在泗水大学举行的东爪哇舞蹈工作坊,后排右二为新加坡城隍艺术学院胡金德(班吉王子的扮演者)

陈院长委托我担任舞剧编导,带领的成员包括新加坡城隍艺术学院资深教师杨标敬、黄凱璘、沈惠珊、胡金德、莫秋林、林芯如、翁慧贞;淡马锡胡姬马来剧团资深演员Azhar Noor;青年笛子演奏家陈庆伦博士。新加坡负责排演舞剧的第9场《庆团圆》是跨代、跨界、跨文化,又具有实验性和创造性的作品。舞曲以新加坡作曲家王辰威的作品《心贤》,为小舞剧中心双人舞的舞曲,表现班吉王子和蒂薇公主重逢难以置信的喜悦、激动与欢乐。华乐界前辈杨标敬的笛子曲、结尾的唢呐演奏和陈庆伦博士的现场伴奏为演出加分。

杨标敬与玛琅媒体分享参与艺术节演出的经验

10月8日,9个国家的舞蹈员、演奏员,在日惹艺术学院的大排练厅连排。主持排练的印尼舞蹈家班瓦西(Wasi Bantoto)、连亨礼(Heri Lentho)站在台阶下,舞蹈员围绕着大厅席地而坐。这是所有参与者观看其他团队的节目。依次是寮国、柬埔寨、缅甸、马来西亚、印尼(代替无法参加的文莱团队)、越南、泰国、菲律宾、印尼、新加坡。次序的编排,从艺术欣赏角度看,非常贴切。

老挝代表团的4位舞蹈员,以老挝古典舞演绎班吉王子4兄弟到多哈王国送礼的情节。悠扬的古典音乐中,4人以端庄的舞步,缓缓前行。强烈仪式的队形,构成进宫的肃穆。接着是柬埔寨舞蹈员上场,气质高贵、舞步稳重。多哈国国王和西宫娘娘接受琖加兰国的国礼——金偶和木偶。女主角蒂薇瑟卡大吉公主的扮演者舞姿纤巧、婉约。西宫娘娘的手臂手掌棱角犀利、眼神露出内心的凶狠,她对亲生女儿和蒂薇瑟卡大吉公主,态度截然不同。在看似柔韧的舞姿中,西宫娘娘的舞姿绵里藏针。她偏袒自己的女儿,强把多哈国送给大公主的金偶给自己的女儿,最后还剪掉大公主的秀发,并将她逐出宫廷。

神话故事里的好人,总有神仙搭救。果然,大公主在树林流浪时,3位神仙降临人间,将她变为男儿身,并赋予武功,担起帮助被明塔湾王国暴君奴役的人民脱离苦海的重任。这场戏在缅甸演奏员节奏明快的现场鼓乐和预录的多种乐器配合下,将缅甸舞动作之间无骤然停顿特点,发挥得赋有创造性和戏剧性。

马来西亚团队以玛雍古典舞开场,表现明塔湾王国暴君风花雪月的宫廷生活。接着用技术性强的快速舞蹈,描绘驱逐一群衣衫褴褛、无法交出苛捐杂税而上殿接受惩罚之人。就在暴君怒不可遏之时,以男儿身出现的蒂薇瑟卡大吉公主及时赶到,解救了受难的民众。这场戏舞蹈员多,编导充分利用这个优势,做大幅度舞台调度。以快变节奏动作显现瑟卡大吉公主的凛然正气和风雷行动。最后,被救的民众也投靠大公主,加入她的义军。

班吉伊努王子(Panji Inukertapati)和他的3个皇弟准备前往多哈国送聘礼时,遇到了改名为班吉·佘米兰(Panji Semirang)的蒂薇瑟卡大吉公主,两个班吉打了起来。由越南演出的片段,展现了越南舞蹈与华族古典舞的相似性。两位男演员骑马、持长矛的功架与舞蹈,以及快速的对打,和华族戏曲的把子功风格相近,显现两位班吉武功不相上下。

剧情一转,又回到班吉王子奉命到多哈王国完婚的情节。这场戏,由隶属泰国艺术部皇家舞蹈团演出。其风格与柬埔寨皇家舞蹈团风格相似,很容易让观众回忆其西宫娘娘凶狠的形象。然而当班吉发现进洞房的是西宫娘娘粗野的女儿,而非心上人之后,立刻拂袖而去。

来自菲律宾南部敏达那岛的团队接着演出下一段戏。得知班吉王子和多哈国的小公主成亲,大公主伤心欲绝。这时,她又遇到仙人指点,变回女儿身,改名阿思玛拉(Asmara)。仙人算出班吉应该会去找他的舅父,琖加兰国王下一场大场面宫廷戏,就由有人源优势的印尼团队负责。

在庆祝舅舅和外甥久别重逢,请来优伶起舞欢庆。以舞蹈员身份出现的阿思玛拉,手里抱着当时班吉王子送给多哈王国的国礼——金色木偶。班吉王子怀疑这个名叫“阿思玛拉”的,就是他寻找已久的心上人。正要上前近看时,“阿思玛拉”却有意回避,一下子无影无踪了。

接下去就轮到新加坡团队上场了。“阿思玛拉”终于知道班吉依然深爱她,心中无限欣喜,她披上白色轻纱,在河边婆娑起舞,回忆起与班吉相互倾慕的快乐时光。这时,骑骏马追“阿思玛拉”的班吉王子匆匆而来,骏马为避免撞倒眼前美女而突然跃起,把班吉王子抛下马。“阿思玛拉”上前扶起班吉王子时,心有灵犀,随即变回蒂薇瑟卡大吉公主。这个情节,我把水袖舞蹈化在“阿思玛拉”的纱巾舞里,用京剧锣鼓、借用戏曲骑马套路、表现班吉寻人心急情绪。又根据舞蹈员的特长,在班吉和大公主的双人舞,融合了芭蕾舞步和华族古典舞,丰富了一对有情人经历磨难后重逢的深爱的表达。这段舞蹈风格和其他团队迥异,正好展现亚细安舞蹈文化的多样性。特别令人感动的是,原本将在泗水、玛琅、梭罗扮演皇后的马来舞蹈员Tanty,其父在演出前病危,印尼舞蹈员能立刻补上且演得很到位,展现出艺术院校精英的应变能力。由城隍艺术学院教师霍成成编排的庆典红绸舞,在梭罗闭幕礼上,由一位印尼演员补上,加上原本演“阿思玛拉”的沈惠姗、莫秋林、林芯如,这段四人舞也为结尾添彩。

经历过22天同食同住同行,亚细安班吉艺术节给参与者一段毕生难忘的艺术之旅,给观众带来难得一见的审美享受。非常亚细安!

在加查马达大学发表论文的学者合影

玛琅市政厅广场搭台让民众观赏

注释:

[1]班吉·伊努·克达巴迪,在泰国,班吉称为伊铙(Inao),来自班吉全名中的Inu;柬埔寨则称为伊诺(Inov);天堂鸟电影公司(Paradis Bird Pictures)曾将伊诺的故事搬上银幕。

[2]I Made Bandem, paper presented at the International Conference on Panji, Inao Chulalongkorn University Pathumwan Bangkok, Thailand, June 19-22, 2019, p3.

(作者为新加坡戏曲学院创院院长、民族音乐学博士)

Cultural Diversity and ASEAN Unity on Stage

The 2023 ASEAN Panji Festival was an imaginative cultural event that brought choreographers, dancers, musicians and scholars from nine ASEAN member countries to five cities in Java, Indonesia. The task of the artists was to collectively create a 100-minute dance drama based on the story of Prince Panji, a folktale known to almost all Southeast Asia countries. Organised by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, groups invited to participate include Sheng Hong Arts Institute (SHAI) from Singapore, Performing Arts Division of the Fine Arts Department of Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, University of Fine Arts from Myanmar, Integrated Performing Arts Guild (IPAG) from the Philippines, Vietnam National Dance Academy and Institute of Arts from Yogyakarta, Kediri, Surabaya, Malang and Solo. Over hundred dancers and musicians from Indonesia participated in the two-hour dance drama “Tale of Prince Panji”. During the festival, there were two international seminars hosted by the Gajah Medah University and the Surabaya University on Panji. 

The tale of Panji has inspired traditional dances and puppet theatre in Indonesia for centuries, most notably the mask dance (Topeng) in East Java. Malang in particular is known as the hometown of Panji mythology and recorded in the temple sculpture in Kediri. The Panji tale from the 13th century tells the many adventures of a Javanese Prince by the name of Panji searching for his beloved Princess Dewi Sekartaji. It could be considered as a story about disguises and discoveries. With many twists and turns, he was eventually united with his lover. Prince Panji experienced many unforeseen disguises and changes of names as well as several other obstacles in his journey looking for the lady he deeply loved. 

The orally transmitted tale of Panji was eventually recorded down in words, marking the development of a Javanese literature with distinctive Indonesian flavour. During the Majapahit empire (14th-15th centuries) , the Panji stories became extremely popular as it spread by sea merchants and other unexpected circumstances. In fact, it became one of the most popular literatures in many Southeast Asia countries during the 17th-18th centuries. Although it has been performed by various genres of traditional theatre of Java like Wayang Kulit, Wayang Golek, and Wayang Beber, it was the Panji Festival organised in 2015, under the guidance of His Excellency Wardiman Djojonegoro, former Minister of Culture, that Panji regained regional attention. In October 2017, the UNESCO designated the Panji Story Manuscript as a ‘Memory of the World’. This gave new momentum to further revitalise the Panji folktale elsewhere.

The Singapore reconnection with Panji began in 2013. I wrote and directed a Hokkien opera entitled “The Missing Groom” to bring back memories of a Malay movie shown in Singapore called “Sermarang Panji” which was screened in the late 1950s. “The Missing Groom” premiered in Bangkok in 2015, at the Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre (SAC), an academic institution under the Ministry of Culture, Thailand. “The Missing Groom” was subsequently selected by an international theatre festival hosted in Belgium in the same year. In 2019, the Jade Opera Group and Indian Fine Arts Society staged a cross-cultural piece “The Missing Groom”. The piece was performed by Madam Hong Xiu Yu, founder of the Jade Opera Group, and Kshirja Govind of the Singapore Indian Fine Arts Society at a Panji/Inao Festival and Seminar at the Chulalongkorn University. “Panji story, Singapore style” is thus seen as a new addition to the ASEAN Panji repertoire. 

Sheng Hong Arts Institute received an invitation from the 2023 ASEAN Panji Festival to choreograph and perform the final scene of the dance drama, the Reunion of Prince Panji and Dewi Sekartaji. Tan Thiam Lye BBM (L), Director of SHAI, was very pleased to receive the invitation as this was an opportunity for SHAI students to gain valuable ASEAN cultural experience. I was thus asked to lead the creative team and choreograph the dance drama. Tan said, “We formed a cross-cultural and cross-generational team comprising pioneer Chinese orchestra musician Yong Phew Kheng, young musician Tan Qing Lun, senior Hokkien Opera actress Ong Huay Chin, four young dancers in their twenties and two 12-year-old dancers, Tyara Chynta Puteri and Lim Xin Ru, as well as Noor Azhar Mohamed, Founder and Director of the Executive Director of Anggerik Temasek Bangsawan.” The dance drama selected Wang Chen Wei‘s “Virtuous Heart” as the theme music for pas de deux of Prince Panji Inukertapati (Inao) and Dewi Sekartaji. The touching tune reflected well the complex emotions of the reunion of the long lost lovers. 

The 2023 ASEAN Panji Festival is an excellent regional event that showcases cultural diversity of Southeast Asia and of ASEAN unity. This is a rare opportunity for ASEAN choreographers and dancers to appreciate the beauty of different dance traditions, and learn to find artistic solutions that would make the transition of different styles elegantly. As the youngest dancer Tyara said: “It is an inspiring experience that let us open many new windows of cultures.” More importantly, the deep friendship cemented would imply possible collaborations in the decades to come.