惹兰勿刹的古早情怀
文图·李国樑
惹兰勿刹(Jalan Besar)是个受保留的“老城区”。19世纪的惹兰勿刹原为长满槟榔和亚答(nipa)的沼泽地,过去民间商贸很多时候就是边嚼槟榔边聊天中成交的。本地的甘榜有许多使用亚答叶搭建的亚答屋,就地取材的房屋清凉透爽,不过容易破损,碰上屋漏偏逢连夜雨,雨水滴在地上盛水的铁桶上,会交响乐般一夜嘀嗒至天明。
1880年代,宽敞的惹兰勿刹路(马来文原意为大路)穿越过沼泽,带动了周边的人气。发展为成熟的市镇后,欢乐场所应运而生。
特色老区
翻开旧报章,不难发现惹兰勿刹的血腥事件特别多,花街柳巷则居住着流落风尘的年轻女子。大刀阔斧地整顿一番后,惹兰勿刹已经转型为“四多”的特色地区:保留建筑多、租赁组屋多、战争道路多、人文景观多。
老店屋的外观反映了不同年代的建筑特色:1920年代左右兴建的店屋外型华丽,采用大量的希腊式柱头、齿饰和阿拉伯风味的图腾。1930至1950年代的店屋,兴建时因经济欠佳,一切以节约为主,散发出线条简单的装饰艺术风格。
进入建屋局的年代,惹兰勿刹陆续出现高楼。这里的组屋归纳为加冷黄埔区,住了约10万居民,其中有6000多户一房与两房式租赁组屋,约占总组屋单位的五分之一。惹兰勿刹体育场周边有多座这类翻新过的屋子。
纪念一战的道路
惹兰勿刹的多条道路都跟一战时期的人物有关,譬如King George’s Avenue以英国国王乔治五世命名,他加冕没多久便向德国宣战,到法国检阅军队时意外摔下马,从此百病缠身。Sam Leong Road的王三龙多次捐款支援英国抗战。此外,Hamilton Road, Horne Road, Jellicoe Road,French Road, Sturdee Road, Beatty Road, Foch Road,Kitchener Road, Tyrwhitt Road, Maude Road, Petain Road等,都以参与第一次世界大战的英法军人命名。
其中最有争议性的是贝当(Petain)。一战期间,贝当出任法国总司令,成为民族英雄。战后法国的军力每况愈下,二战时已经无法跟纳粹德国抗衡。贝当为时任法国总理,向入侵的德军投降,被视为卖国贼。他亦跟日本签下条约,准许日本以中南半岛为侵略东南亚的军事基地。数年前,本地的法国籍居民与前联合国巡回大使许通美都认为应该将贝当除名,最后不了了之。
消失的芳华
二战期间,茂德路(Maude Road)可谓新加坡第一任总理李光耀的福地。他在惹兰勿刹体育场接受检证时,觉察到形势不妙,要求先回家收拾细软,日本兵竟然网开一面。体育场周边有许多福清籍拉车夫的宿舍,李光耀躲入茂德路75号的估俚间,跟死神擦肩而过。
40年前我在茂德路的租赁组屋居住的时候,拉车夫早已走入历史了。附近除了福清、福州和兴化的教堂和建筑物外,最著名的就是赌窟。每逢周末,路上总站着一群人,叼着香烟把风,居民都识趣地匆匆走过。
那时候,跟茂德路平行的赛阿威路(Syed Alwi Road)早上是个路边巴刹,下午换人开档,销售日常用品,晚风飘送着白天余留下来的鱼腥与汗酸味。路上还可见到以传统砖窑烤面包的“大生面包厂”,焦黑的面包皮散发着令人怀念的炭火香。
赛阿威路这个地名不好记,不谙外语的街坊惯用“松林板厂”这个民间俗名。屹立在赛阿威路梧槽河畔多年的松林火锯厂(俗称松林板厂)已于1980年代拆除,部分原址兴建了松林大厦。一个世纪前创建松林板厂的商人殷雪村是本地名人林文庆的妻舅。19世纪末,殷雪村从厦门移居新加坡,成立了振武善社(禁吸鸦片协会)和疟疾诊所,免费为烟民病人服务,后来弃医从商。
那个时代,一般事业有成的人士都会取之社会,用之社会。赛阿威(阿裕尼的孙子)秉承先辈遗训,建桥挖井,乐善好施已经成为阿裕尼家族的品牌。
我的学生时代,多数同学穿着新华牌白帆布绿胶底的校鞋。设在Hamilton Road的新华鞋厂(Sinwa Rubber Manufactory)战前已经生产鞋子了,战后高峰期,年产量达100万双。新华的两百名员工中,将近两成来自倒闭的陈嘉庚鞋厂。陈嘉庚的事业辉煌时期,胶鞋的销售店分布新马各地。此起彼落声中新华崛起,打造了箭头与泰山商标的胶鞋。
结霜桥下淡水河
或许叫许多国人倍感惆怅的,是消失的结霜桥地摊。结霜桥曾经是新加坡著名的跳蚤市场,怀旧的人潮穿梭其中,难得一见的打字机、古老时钟、黑胶唱片、上发条的留声机等自然地勾勒起生活的回忆。
结霜桥地摊躲过了日战,却避不开时代的命运。地铁市区线川行至惹兰勿刹之际,亦是结霜桥无奈落幕之时。上世纪80年代,政府整顿路边摊,结霜桥从两百多个摊位不断缩水,2017年7月11日度过最后一夜。这些自力更生的年迈摊贩,一天赚十块钱就可以开心地吃三餐喝咖啡了。没有了十元的日子,许多老人家的生计大受影响。对本地流传已久的庶民文化而言,也是永远消失的生活原貌。
“结霜桥”这个优雅的俗名源自福建话,“霜”(音“僧”)就是冰的意思,所以结霜桥就是结冰桥。梧槽河畔有一间制冰厂(New Singapore Ice Works Ltd),据说战前冰厂楼下生产和批发冰块,楼上则让小贩冷藏海鲜。巴刹鱼摊、冷饮小贩、渔船、餐馆的冰块都由制冰厂供应。至于减缓冰块融化的良方,是将木屑涂满冰块表层,以达到隔缘的效果,据说这些木屑由松林板厂供应。
新世界
花开花谢自有时,他日结霜桥是否会重塑昔日辉煌是个未知数,倒是神秘失踪的新世界拱形大门重见天日,安置在城市广场(City Square)入口处,为昔日新世界留下时代印记。
新加坡肚量大,二战前已经容下三个“世界”:惹兰勿刹的新世界(1923-1987);金声路(Kim Seng Road)的大世界(1931-1981);芽笼的快乐世界(1935-1964),后来易名为繁华世界(1964-2000)。运作超过半个世纪的世界是个综合性的购物与游乐场所,霓虹灯照耀着笙歌漫舞的盛景繁华。
新世界由王三龙的孩子王文达和王平福兄弟创立,日后被邵氏收购。战前,新世界曾经主办过救亡漫画展,并让新中国剧团筹赈义演多个剧目,包括《放下你的鞭子》。
华灯初上,新世界歌台舞厅夜总会粉墨登场,不同时期出现过香格里拉歌台、满江红、东方歌台、新生歌台、百老汇台、Bunga Tanjong等。新加坡以海港城市定位,外来文化跟着商贸迅速窜入人们的生活中。商家看准时代舞的商机,周末傍晚推出较大众化的茶舞,晚间9时才轮到好戏登场。伴舞的是外号“德士女郎”(Taxi girls)的专业舞女,50年代三支舞的票价为一元,不过舞女跳一支舞只得八分钱。现场乐队伴奏一曲后,她们必须回到座位,等待下一位客人。
“脱衣舞后”陈惠珍(Rose Chan)以大胆前卫成名,在新马各世界巡回演出时使出杀手锏,在与蟒蛇共舞的掩饰下,将身上衣物脱得一丝不挂。陈惠珍追忆,筹建南洋大学义演时,草裙不小心滑落下来,台下的观众竟然掌声如雷。她发现了脱衣舞秀的市场潜能,就这样一路走了20年。70年代退出舞台后,陈惠珍参与过慈善募捐活动,慷慨解囊的多数是过去的欢场客。
80年代中叶,一代舞娘为了医治癌症,毕生积蓄都花光了,只好通过报章祈求社会人士捐助,不过反应冷淡。陈惠珍死后有人重新审视这位传奇女子,多数人视为自甘堕落,不知廉耻;至于她为了摆脱坎坷的人生而坚毅奋斗,开创自己的道路,没有人作出正面评价。
话说回来,上世纪50年代黄潮泛滥,欢场对社会道德确实构成很大的威胁,夜间场所被视为颓废文化的代表。让时光再倒流多20年,陈嘉庚已认为这些舶来文化对民众毒害良深:
“自民(国)廿几年顷新加坡开设一跳舞厅作俑,既往上海雇来舞女,又向本坡招诱华侨女子参加⋯⋯政府放任而不取缔,坐视华侨腐败,以益市面繁荣⋯⋯不但血气青年受其迷乱,便是中年老辈亦多乐此不彼⋯⋯夜舞、日舞、酒舞、茶舞,时时可舞,事事可舞⋯⋯轻则精神耗削,事业荒废,重则离异破家,囹圄亡命,种种恶果,日有所闻。不一两年全马来亚到处都有,余睹此情景,痛心疾首⋯⋯”
宗教组织
惹兰勿刹的庙宇建筑同样多彩多姿。跑马埔路(Race Course Road)有由陈文烈捐资,将原址的龙山精舍扩建为龙山寺的百年古刹;龙山寺对面有万金油大王胡文虎胡文豹兄弟捐款重建,以匍匐着的虎豹为标志的泰国佛庙。
21世纪初成立的大乘禅寺位于Beatty Lane,楼宇的前身为1939年创建的“济公堂”。济公堂住持将地产转交予大乘禅寺,同时将济公活佛金身和圣物保留下来。济公那酒肉穿肠过,佛祖心中留的庶民形象,早已随着《济公传》流传民间。
将近一个甲子前,老街坊吴应霞到圣三一堂(Hamilton Road和Horne Road的交界处)上幼稚园。圣三一堂是新马第一座中国建筑风格的礼拜堂,绿色古瓦,墙壁与柱子上有蝙蝠、莲花组构的浮雕。圣三一堂的前身为圣彼得堂,1875年已经座落在史丹福路“红砖国家图书馆”原址。二战前,政府收回史丹福路地段,教堂迁至惹兰勿刹,以福州话传道,方便周围的居民。
民办学校
吴应霞在龙山寺旁的弥陀学校上小学。由于学校规模不大,校长老师学生关系融洽,像生活在一个大家庭。虽然弥陀学校已经搬迁到榜鹅,但是路经此地,仿佛仍能听到朗朗的读书声。
弥陀创校的经过跟龙山寺时任住持广洽法师息息相关。中日战争爆发后,广洽法师由厦门南来,接任龙山寺的住持。1950年代初在寺内开办了龙山学校,让附近的平民子弟受教育。很快的,学校面对教室不足的问题,广洽法师作出了重要的决定,将原来打算兴建弥陀寺的空地捐献出来,弥陀学校就这样在一念之间诞生了。弥陀学校的校歌“南国风光月月春,南国青年日日新”,还是由广洽法师的莫逆之交丰子恺填词的呢!
由于日据后的婴儿潮,惹兰勿刹出现许多民办与政府学校。弥陀学校附近的实龙岗路有设在店屋内,只有两三间课室的中国公学;对面Beatty Road有Beatty 小学、中学与马来学校,如今新加坡印度人发展协会(SINDA)使用这些校舍;潮州人的沈氏公会创办了武德学校,运作四分之一个世纪后停办,在原址建立武德大厦。每年农历七月廿五日武德侯诞辰,沈氏公会都会在学校搭建戏棚,老戏班“老一枝香”风雨不改地演出酬神戏。戏唱完了,这些学校都消失了。
消失的族群
杨昆贤来自吉隆坡,在新世界旁的店屋长大,为邻的不乏白衣黑裤的自梳女。这些或挽髻或扎着长辫子的妈姐,一生为遥远故乡的家属辛苦,为照顾老板的孩子而忙,自己则孤独一生。跟昆贤同住一层楼的华姐晚年在大悲院度过,这群入住大悲院、飞霞精舍等斋堂的自梳女,算是比较幸运的一群。那些没有积蓄的,只能住进由善心人士资助的老人院和广惠肇留医院,有些病入膏肓时在殡仪馆寄宿,度过人生的最后一刻。
新世界创建人王文达的曾孙Sharon Ong为我引荐了年龄已经过百的老妈姐张妹。张妹的思路还很清晰,只是健康欠佳。Sharon表示自己出生在土生华人家庭,家人以英语和马来语交谈,对于华人的礼俗一知半解。张妹的言传身教,让她认识到华族的传统文化与价值观。Sharon和母亲早已将老妈姐当成自己的至亲,照顾张妹终老。
亲眼看到这一幕,我深深感受到虽然本地的三大世界都已成昨日黄花,但为人间送暖的古早情怀依然碧绿绵长。
(作者为新加坡国家博物馆义务中文导览组特邀执委)
主要参考资料
- 陈嘉庚,《南侨回忆录(下册)》陈嘉庚基金会,ISBN 1-879771-06-3。
- 李光耀,《李光耀回忆录 – 1923·1965》新加坡联合早报,1998。ISBN 981-04-0631-2。
- Sharon Ong,与妈姐相处的口述记忆,2017年。
- “前脱衣舞后陈惠珍癌症恶化生命垂危”,《联合晚报》1987年3月1日。
- 王振春,《根的系列》之一,胜利书局出版,1988 年。ISBN 9971520699。
- 吴应霞,在惹兰勿刹成长的口述记忆,2017年11月 – 2018年3月。
- 杨昆贤,在惹兰勿刹与妈姐为邻的口述记忆,2017年。
- 姚梦桐,《流动迁移在地经历新加坡视觉艺术现象(1886 -1945)》南洋理工大学孔子学院,2017年。ISBN 978-981-11-3088-5。
- “Jalan Besar”, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalan_Besar. Accessed 4 March 2018.
- “Jalan Besar Heritage Trail”, National Heritage Board 2012.
- “They turn out a million pairs of shoes a year”,The Singapore Free Press, 1 October 1949
- Tommy Koh, “Should Petain Road be renamed?”, The Straits Times, 20 March 2012
JALAN BESAR, connecting the Singapore’s past, present and future
Jalan Besar, an old district adjacent to the Rochor River, was once a swampy land filled with betel and nipah palms. The farmland had given way to private and public housing, brothels, sawmills and stadium. Today, the once flourished New World Amusement Park had gone with the wind, also vanished were the bursting Sungei Road Market, rickshaw pullers and Baweanese Kampong.
The conserved shophouses and other buildings had architectural characteristics typical of the late 19th-century and early 20th-century houses. Colourful ceramic tiles, arched windows and ventilation screens are commonly seen, suggesting that Malay and Straits Chinese population were predominant in the area. Those shophouses built from the late 1920s to the 1960s had changed to art-deco styles.
Syed Alwi Road, located besides the Rochor River, is named after one of the descendants of the prominent Syed Sharif Omar Aljunied. However, Chinese of the past era were not able to pronounce the name of the Arabian, and preferred to name the place after Siong Lim Sawmill which was established in 1912 by Dr Yin Suat Chuan, brother-inlaw of Dr Lim Boon Keng.Today, Song Lin Building stands on part of the site of the former sawmill.
The New World Amusement Park was unforgettable for many. It was a magnet for local people from all walks of life. While the three cinemas and game stalls were attractions to many people, the most popular entertainment was probably the cabaret hall which could hold up to 500 couples. The dancers cladded with cheongsam, were popularly known as taxi-girls. They received 8 cents for each dance despite that a coupon for three dances cost a dollar in the 1950s.
New World also decorated with extraordinary performances by Rose Chan, nickname “Queen of Striptease”. Her most famous performance was the “Python Act”, where she wrestled with a large python, even coiling it around herself while stripping. Rose was also known for her generosity by donating some of the proceeds from her shows to charities. She was dubbed the “Charity Queen” for her charitable acts.
Today, the original New World Gate is re-erected at the entrance of City Square Mall. It symbolises the interconnectivity of Singapore’s past, present and future. CDL, the developer of the current site, took the initiative to help remind visitors about the popular history.
The Holy Trinity Church on Hamilton Road has an unusual architecture built with Chinese-style green tile roofs and decorative motifs. Within a short walking distance is a Tibetan Buddist temple. There is a small Ji Gong in the temple hall which served as a reminder of the temple’s origin. It was a shrine called Chee Kong Tong Temple built in 1939 before changing its role in the 21st century.
Prostitution was the dark side of Jalan Besar. Although much of the prostitution activity in this area has died down in the last decades, brothels located in shophouses along Desker Road and Rowell Road lanes are probably still in operation. The architecture of the conserved shophouses creates an alley by chance, enabling the prostitutes to remain indoors without actively breaking the solicitation law. The informal rule was for them to close the doors if the police or informants were in the vicinity.
Koh Teong Koo, a ricksaw puller who lived in 75 Maude Road, had once changed the fortune of the Singapore’s first Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew. During the early Japanese Occupation period, Lee Kuan Yew was to be screened by Japanese soldiers. It happened that Mr Koh’s dormitory for Hock Chia rickshaw pullers fell within the Jalan Besar registration centre. Mr Lee stayed in the house for a night.
The next day, Mr Lee tried to leave the centre through the exit point, but the Japanese soldier told him to join a group of young Chinese gathered nearby. Smelling danger, Mr Lee asked if he could collect his belongings first. The soldier gave permission and Mr Lee laid low with Mr Koh for another day until a different soldier was on duty. This time, he was cleared to leave.
Mr Lee recalled that narrow escape in his memoir, The Singapore Story. He would almost certainly have been taken to a beach and shot to death if not because of squatting in the dormitory.