从节俭美德说起——忆陈嘉庚

文·陈伟玉

陈君宝近照

陈君宝从没与祖父陈嘉庚见过面,他出世时陈嘉庚已辞世,但祖父的节俭家训却深刻地烙印在他脑海中,还说要把这家传美德灌输给他的女儿。

陈嘉庚(1874-1961)是本地一名企业家及社会活动家。出生于中国福建同安县集美。他在新加坡的经济活动相当多元化,包括罐头黄梨、米业、橡胶业等,尤以橡胶业最为成功,有“树胶大王”的称誉。从商之余,陈嘉庚在社会活动方面的实践也是多方面的,他不仅倾家兴家,还支持孙中山发动的辛亥革命,领导华社指挥中国的救国赈灾活动和支援中国抗战。

陈嘉庚有九子八女。七子陈元济高龄102岁,他有三名子女,陈君宝为其幼子,现年56岁,从事航空器材行业,并在厦门开办英语培训课程。

节俭成家族传统

关于陈嘉庚的节俭品德,在黄今英著述的《陈嘉庚》一书就有提及,陈嘉庚规定自己每日伙食费不得超过五角,儿孙也不例外。每餐食不过饱,爱吃番薯粥、高粱米粥、海蚝和箭头鱼等,都是集美家乡的土产。

虽然家财万贯,陈嘉庚却希望子女们能自力更生,而他们也没辜负他的期望,基本都学业有成,事业发达。陈元济毕业于道南学校,后在华侨补习中学学习,再转入英华补习学校,取得高级剑桥学校证书。陈元济深居简出,很少接受媒体访问,平时话也不多,若有什么问题都由陈君宝代为解答。陈元济回忆,父亲陈嘉庚生活很简单,不奢侈,番薯粥、花生米就可以当一餐。

陈嘉庚的节俭美德仍在后人身上发挥效用。比如陈元济就有只用半张纸巾,把另外半张留着下次用的习惯。而陈君宝从小也养成一定要把夹到自己盘中饭菜吃完的习惯。陈君宝说:“父母在我们很小的时候就开始言传身教不能浪费食物,而且会把吃不完的饭菜留着下一餐吃,对我们来说并没有隔夜饭不能吃的观念,到现在还是如此。”陈君宝还会把节俭的美德传授给她的女儿陈恩熙(两岁),希望她把这美好的传统传承下去。

“该花的千百万都不要吝啬,不该花的一分钱也不能浪费”这是陈嘉庚生前常说的一句话。陈君宝一直把祖父的这一遗训牢记心中并身体力行。

除了生活节约,陈嘉庚对于社会上的种种陋习,诸如跳舞、赌博、娼妓、鸦片的毒害,嫁娶作生日的排场与铺张、丧事的奢侈、酬神的迷信、交际应酬的浪费,以及中国江南停柩不葬、少年早婚、蓄养童养媳等,都认为是“费金钱,损精神,败风俗,妨治安”而极力反对。他也不允许子女办红白事时讲究排场。

陈嘉庚对子女的管教也很严。陈元济记得,父亲不让子女睡懒觉,早上七点便会拿着拐杖敲儿女们的房间叫他们起床。他说,父亲外表严肃威严,孩子们都很怕他,一听到他的汽车声知道他回来了都会跑进房里。

虽然如此,在陈元济心目中,陈嘉庚却是个非常疼爱子女的父亲。他不善于表达对儿女的疼爱,只是反复提醒他们要节俭。

倾家办学  用心良苦

陈嘉庚的倾资办兴学,时间之长,规模之大,毅力之坚,培育人才之多,最为世人所称道。据《陈嘉庚》一书记载,从1849年他在集美创办学塾算起,到1961年逝世为止,他一生办学长达67年,创办和资助过的学校多达百多所,为国家社会栽培了大批人才。据不完全统计,人数约有20万人之众,其中集美学校约10万人,厦门大学5万余人,新加坡华侨中学2万余人,校友遍布世界五大洲。

陈嘉庚单在福建教育事业上的投资就高达800万元,其中厦大占440万元。除了长期支持厦大集美二校之外,陈嘉庚在开办费及经费方面还慷慨资助中国及新加坡的许多学校。在中国方面遍及江苏、广州、漳州、金门、厦门、泉州各地的中小学与商业学校。在新加坡受捐助的学校计有道南、中华、爱同、南洋工商、华侨中学、英华、莱佛士中学、启发、养正、光洋、中南、南洋华侨师范(现为南侨中学)、德光岛爱华学校等。

陈君宝说:“祖父陈嘉庚南来,对比新加坡和家乡的情况后,更知道家乡的落后,他认为只有教育才能救国,使一个国家强大起来,于是他便穷一生的精力办学。而祖父办学,不只出钱,还用心良苦。”

比如集美小学,学校开办后,陈嘉庚不收学费,还送校服、课本、文具和鞋袜,并沿家挨户恳请父母送孩子入学。学业成绩优良的,每周还送一斤肉,过年时,陈嘉庚还亲自派发红包给学生们。

陈君宝曾在集美水产学校看到过一个以陈嘉庚命名的水母标本。“标本是1920年代,任教于该校的一名比利时籍海洋专家所发现。足见祖父不只出钱办学,他还花钱聘请外国专家来教学,为培育人才费尽心思。”

他说,祖父的办学理念是学术与职业教育并行不悖。厦门大学是为想在学术上取得更高造诣的学子而设。航海、水产、轻工业、体育等专业学校则是为要谋得一技之长的青年而兴办。在新加坡也一样,除创办道南、爱同、华侨、南侨等学校外,也创办了一所水产航海学校。

1938年5月日军攻占厦门,集美水产航海专业学校被迫迁往内地,校务大受影响,为继续培养水产与航海人才,发展新马华人渔业,时任福建会馆主席的陈嘉庚便倡议在福建会馆创办南洋华侨水产学校。学校除华文、英文、数学、理化等科目外,还设水产通论、水产地理、操艇实习、编网实习等专科。1942年2月日本占领新加坡,水产学校才停办。

陈嘉庚后人现在共有400人左右,主要分布在新加坡、北美、澳洲等七个国家和地区,当中以他为榜样投身教育界的约有20人。他的孙女陈仁毅退休前为新加坡国立大学(简称国大)经济系讲师;外孙女温丽容为国大数学系副教授;另一名外孙女温丽琼为中学校长,她的女儿陈美端也为中学校长,外孙唐星海是国大物理系副教授等等。

陈嘉庚的“诚毅”精神对其后人也有一定影响。早年移民美国的陈嘉庚外曾孙女李珍玲就曾自费到中国吉林义务教英文三年。她告诉陈君宝她会这么做的部分原因是受到“TKK”的影响。“TKK”是陈嘉庚的英文名缩写,是后辈子孙对他的昵称。

另一名受到陈嘉庚精神启发的是他的曾孙Jonathan Tan。这名曾孙是天文学家,是美国佛罗里达州一所大学的教授,去年5月受邀到厦门大学讲课。他对陈君宝说,非常高兴有这样的机会到曾祖父兴办的大学授课,并表示即使自费他也愿意再到厦大讲学。他同样受到陈嘉庚办学精神的感召。

陈君宝说:“祖父陈嘉庚在教育事业上作出了巨大的贡献,我们这些后辈实难望其项背,但我们都愿意尽力把陈嘉庚办学的精神传承下去。”

2008年陈嘉庚103名后裔到集美寻根

自1998年起,陈嘉庚的后人每隔几年都会组织家族成员到集美寻根,每次除顺便旅游中国,也会捐助当地一所学校。2008年那次他们捐助的是厦门乡村的一所学校,他们给学生送去被子,让学生吃到肉,每天有牛奶喝,希望他们生活得好些。这是延续陈嘉庚精神的具体实例之一。那也是寻根团人数最多的一次,共有103名后人参加。他们来自7个国家,共4代,最年长为陈元济,当年他已92高龄,最年幼者才9个月大。1950年陈嘉庚回中国定居,曾担任中国中央人民政府委员、中国全国政协副主席、中国全国侨联主席等职务。

为了在发扬陈嘉庚精神方面出力,陈君宝四年前还成为陈嘉庚基金的一份子,他现在是该基金会副主席。成立于1982年,为纪念陈嘉庚而设的陈嘉庚基金,其宗旨是要弘扬陈嘉庚精神,支持文化教育,鼓励青少年发明创新,以便先贤的精神代代相传,基金主席为潘国驹教授。

想法先进  眼光独到

陈君宝对祖父陈嘉庚的最初印象,是从父母亲的口述,报刊和书籍资料拼凑成的,那是热心教育的著名企业家形象,如此而已。

1987年陈君宝第一次踏上中国大陆的土地,来到陈嘉庚的出生地集美,从当地人的讲述中,他才恍然大悟祖父不但是一名出钱办学的生意人,他还参加辛亥革命,积极参与抗日活动。后来他又在新加坡一所学校(忘了是哪所学校)看到高挂在礼堂里的陈嘉庚像。祖父的形象就这样一天天高大,而陈嘉庚先进的企业家思维更令陈君宝赞叹。

陈嘉庚于1929年订立的公司章程

陈嘉庚于1929年订立《陈嘉庚分公司章程》,章程共分14章节,共有300多个条目。54页的章程把经理、协理、财政、书记、练习生等职位的职权、职员规则、薪金、红利,还有广告、保险、订货、存货、开箱点货等经营策略和方法都一一清楚列明,体现了一种先进的企业文化。陈君宝认为:“这在上世纪的20年代可说相当前卫,章程内容完整,项目详细,可比拟当今工商管理硕士的课程,叫我十分惊讶!”

在陈君宝心目中,陈嘉庚是一名眼光远大的长辈。比如厦门集美学村内的南熏楼,是50年代厦门岛外最高楼,当年陈嘉庚要求在高楼预留一个电梯井,以便将来安装电梯。陈君宝说,虽然后来因为电梯井面积不够大而没派上用场,但仍见陈嘉庚的远见。

集美与厦门岛之间隔着浔江,陈嘉庚提议建长堤衔接,以改善两地交通,并建议堤面要宽25米,还要建一座立交桥,以适应厦门经济发展的需要。他的建议没被苏联专家采纳。今天看来,当时若采纳陈嘉庚的建议,后来就不会出现拓宽及架高一层公路桥的局面,足见陈嘉庚是有先见之明的。陈君宝说,诸如此类的例子很多,他无法逐一介绍。

(作者为本刊特约记者)

From a virtue of THRIFT recalling Tan Kah Kee

Chen Jun Bao had never met his grandfather, Tan Kah Kee, who had already passed away when he was born. But, one lesson from his grandfather deeply etched in his mind is THRIFT and this was instilled in all his children.

Tan Kah Kee (1874 – 1961) is a renowned Singapore entrepreneur and community leader. He was born in Fujian Province, Tong An County in China. His businesses were greatly diversified, especially in rubber where he was recognised as the “Rubber King”. Beside establishing a successful business empire, he carried out extensive social work and not satisfied with domestic affairs, he helped Dr Sun Yat Sen’s 1911 XinHai Revolution, led the local communities in setting up the China Relief Fund and supported the Anti-Japanese War Effor.

Tan had nine sons and eight daughters. Tan Guan Chay was seventh, now aged 102 years and whose youngest child is Chen Jun Bao, 52 years of age.

Thrift – a Family Virtue
An example of Tan’s thriftiness, as mentioned in Huang JinYing’s biography “陈嘉庚”(Tan Kah Kee), he strictly controlled his daily meals to not more than 50 cents, even including that of his children and grandchildren. Despite the family’s wealth, Tan’s hope was that all his children will learn to be self-reliant. Tan Guan Chay finished primary schooling in Tao Nan School, then Chinese High and eventually his Senior Cambridge Certificate from Anglo Chinese School. Guan Chay, a quiet person, always remembered his father’s simple lifestyle, bereft of luxuries and frugal meals.

“If necessary, then spend millions do not be stinge; if unnecessary , do not even waste a cent” was Tan’s life-long principle. Jun Bao adopted his grandfather’s teaching and it stayed with him through his life. He knew that his grandfather had a deep love for all his children, in spite of the strict upbringing and his constant exhortations of thrift.

Sacrifice Wealth for Education
By sheer willpower, Tan Kah Kee spent his hard-earned wealth in the cause of Education and development of talents. From 1894 when he first established a school in Chip Bee, till 1961 he spent altogether 67 years of his working life towards achieving this end. More than 200,000 students have benefitted from his efforts and the alumni spans five continents.

Tan Kah Kee invested a total of 8million dollars in education within the Fujian community, of which the Xiamen University took up 4.4million dollars. His generosity is evident from the many schools all over China and many well-known Chinese schools in Singapore.

Chen Jun Bao recalled his grandfather’s particular attention to the establishment of schools in Ji Mei (Chip Bee) and the University in XiaMen (Amoy). Poor students invariably received free schooling and even donations of foodstuff. In 1920, realising the need of maritime expertise, he hired Belgian maritime and navigation experts to set up the Chi Mei Marine and Navigation School. The fall of Xia Men to the Japanese invasion in May 1938, led to the gradual dissolution of this School.

The 400 over descendants of Tan Kah Kee has spread over Singapore, North America and Australia and of which 20 were especially dedicated to the field of education. For example, his granddaughter Chen RenYi, before her retirement was a lecturer in Economics at the National University of Singapore, another granddaughter Wen LiRong was Asst Prof of Mathematics also at NUS; these amongst many others in various fields.

Tan Kah Kee’s spirit of “Sincere Determination” left a deep impression on his descendants. Granddaughter Li ZhenLing, now settled in USA, had spent 3 years teaching English in JiLin Province, China without remuneration. She told Uncle JunBao, that it was the influence of their grandfather’s “TKK” spirit (TKK being the English initials of Tan Kah Kee) From 1998 onwards, the Tan descendants continued to make regular visits to Ji Mei and also making donations to schools there. The ancestral home of Tan Kah Kee in Ji Mei is deeply venerated.

In 1982, the Tan Kah Kee Foundation was established with Chen JunBao as the Vice Chairman. It was to perpetuate the spirit of Tan Kah Kee in supporting education and encouraging the advancement of youth endeavours. The present Chairman of the Foundation is Professor Pan GuoJu.